Question

What are isomers? Explain with examples.

Answer 1

An isomer of a molecule has the same number of atoms of each element, but has a different arrangement of the atoms. It has the same molecular formula as the other molecule, but with a different chemical structure. Isomers do not necessarily share similar properties, unless they also have the same functional groups. 

Answer 2

Answer:-

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ISOMER DEFINITION

An isomer is a chemical species with the same number and types of atoms as another chemical species, but the atoms are arranged into different chemical structures. When atoms can assume different configurations, the phenomenon is termed isomerism. There are several categories of isomers, including structural isomers,geometric isomers , optical isomers and stereoisomers.

TYPES OF ISOMERS

The two broad categories of isomers are structural isomers (also called constitutional isomers) and stereoisomers (also called spatial isomers).

Structural Isomers: In this type of isomerism, the atoms and functional groups are joined differently. Structural isomers have different IUPAC names. An example is the position change seen in 1-fluoropropane and 2-fluoropropane.

Types of structural isomerism include chain isomerism, where hydrocarbon chains have different degrees of branchin, functional group isomerism, where a functional group may split into different ones, and skeletal isomerism, where the main carbon chain varies.

Tautomers are structural isomers that can spontaneously convert between forms. An example is keto/enol tautomerism in which a proton moves between a carbon and oxygen atom.

Stereoisomers: The bond structure between atoms and functional groups is the same in stereoisomerism, but the geometrical positioning can change.

This class of isomers includes enantiomers (or optical isomers), which are non-superimposable mirror images of each other, like left and right hands. Enantiomers always contain chiral centers.

Enantiomers often display similar physical properties and chemical reactivities, although the molecules may be distinguished by how they polarize light. In biochemical reactions, enzymes usually react with one enantiomer in preference to the other. An example of a pair of enantiomers is (S)-(+)-lactic acid and (R)-(-)-lactic acid.

Alternatively, stereoisomers may be diastereomers, which are not mirror images of each other. Diastereomers may contain chiral centers, but there are isomers without chiral centers and those that aren't even chiral. An example of a pair of diastereomers is D-threose and D-erythrose. Diastereomers typically have different physical properties and reactivities from each other.

Conformational Isomers (conformers): Conformation may be used to classify isomers. Conformers may be enantiomers, diastereomers, or rotamers.

There are different systems used to identify stereoisomers, including cis-trans and E/Z.

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