Question

What are squatter settlements and slums? Describe three main characteristics of squatter settlements?​

Answer 1

Answer:

Amis (1984) noted the characteristics of squatter settlement as illegality and informality, low residential space, unauthorized housing and temporary dwellings, inappropriate locations, overcrowding, restricted public utilities and urban basic services, poverty and vulnerability, social stress and poor health,informal .

Answer 2

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sǫᴜᴀᴛᴛᴇʀ sᴇᴛᴛʟᴇᴍᴇɴᴛs ᴏʀ ɪɴғᴏʀᴍᴀʟ sᴇᴛᴛʟᴇᴍᴇɴᴛs ʜᴀᴠᴇ ʙᴇᴇɴ ᴀ ᴠᴇʀʏ ɪᴍᴘᴏʀᴛᴀɴᴛ ᴘᴀʀᴛ ᴏғ ᴍᴀɴʏ ᴄɪᴛɪᴇs ɪɴ ᴛʜᴇ ɢʟᴏʙᴀʟ sᴏᴜᴛʜ. sʜɪғᴛɪɴɢ ɢᴏᴠᴇʀɴᴍᴇɴᴛ ᴀɴᴅ ɪɴᴛᴇʀɴᴀᴛɪᴏɴᴀʟ ᴀɢᴇɴᴄʏ ᴀᴛᴛɪᴛᴜᴅᴇs ᴛᴏᴡᴀʀᴅ ᴛʜᴇᴍ sɪɴᴄᴇ ᴛʜᴇ 1960s ʜᴀᴠᴇ ʀᴇғʟᴇᴄᴛᴇᴅ ᴀ ɢʀᴏᴡɪɴɢ ʀᴇᴄᴏɢɴɪᴛɪᴏɴ ᴏғ ᴛʜᴇ ᴄᴀᴘᴀᴄɪᴛʏ ᴏғ ᴛʜᴇ ᴜʀʙᴀɴ ᴘᴏᴏʀ ᴛᴏ ᴀᴅᴀᴘᴛ ᴀɴᴅ sᴏᴍᴇᴛɪᴍᴇs ᴛᴏ ᴛʜʀɪᴠᴇ ɪɴ ᴠᴇʀʏ ᴅɪғғɪᴄᴜʟᴛ ᴄɪʀᴄᴜᴍsᴛᴀɴᴄᴇs. ᴀs ᴛʜᴇ ᴡᴏʀʟᴅ’s ᴜʀʙᴀɴ ᴘᴏᴘᴜʟᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ɢʀᴏᴡs, ᴛʜᴇʀᴇ ᴡɪʟʟ ʙᴇ ɪɴᴄʀᴇᴀsɪɴɢ ᴘʀᴇssᴜʀᴇ ᴏɴ ʙᴏᴛʜ ʟᴀɴᴅ ᴀɴᴅ ʜᴏᴜsɪɴɢ. ᴛʜᴇ sʜɪғᴛ ᴛᴏᴡᴀʀᴅ ᴍᴀʀᴋᴇᴛ ᴍᴇᴄʜᴀɴɪsᴍs ғᴏʀ ʙᴏᴛʜ ʟᴀɴᴅ ᴀɴᴅ ʜᴏᴜsɪɴɢ ᴅᴇʟɪᴠᴇʀʏ ʜᴀs ʙᴇᴇɴ ʙᴇɴᴇғɪᴄɪᴀʟ ɪɴ sᴏᴍᴇ ᴄᴀsᴇs, ʙᴜᴛ ᴡɪᴛʜᴏᴜᴛ ғᴏʀᴍs ᴏғ sᴜᴘᴘᴏʀᴛ ᴀɴᴅ ᴘʀᴏᴛᴇᴄᴛɪᴏɴ, ᴍɪʟʟɪᴏɴs ᴏғ ᴘᴏᴏʀ ʜᴏᴜsᴇʜᴏʟᴅs ᴡɪʟʟ ʙᴇ ᴇxᴄʟᴜᴅᴇᴅ ᴀɴᴅ ʟᴇғᴛ ᴛᴏ ғᴇɴᴅ ғᴏʀ ᴛʜᴇᴍsᴇʟᴠᴇs ɪɴ ᴛʜᴇ ᴅɪᴍɪɴɪsʜɪɴɢ ɴᴜᴍʙᴇʀ ᴏғ ᴀᴠᴀɪʟᴀʙʟᴇ sᴘᴀᴄᴇs ɪɴ ᴛʜᴇ ᴡᴏʀʟᴅ’s ᴄɪᴛɪᴇs.

ᴛʜᴇ ᴠᴀsᴛ ᴍᴀᴊᴏʀɪᴛʏ ᴏғ sʟᴜᴍs ᴀʀᴇ ʟᴏᴄᴀᴛᴇᴅ ɪɴ ᴀɴᴅ ᴀʀᴏᴜɴᴅ ᴜʀʙᴀɴ ᴄᴇɴᴛʀᴇs ɪɴ ᴛʜᴇ ʟᴇss ᴇᴄᴏɴᴏᴍɪᴄᴀʟʟʏ ᴅᴇᴠᴇʟᴏᴘᴇᴅ ᴄᴏᴜɴᴛʀɪᴇs, ᴡʜɪᴄʜ ᴀʀᴇ ᴀʟsᴏ ᴇxᴘᴇʀɪᴇɴᴄɪɴɢ ɢʀᴇᴀᴛᴇʀ ʀᴀᴛᴇs ᴏғ ᴜʀʙᴀɴɪᴢᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ᴄᴏᴍᴘᴀʀᴇᴅ ᴡɪᴛʜ ᴍᴏʀᴇ ᴅᴇᴠᴇʟᴏᴘᴇᴅ ᴄᴏᴜɴᴛʀɪᴇs. ᴛʜɪs ʀᴀᴘɪᴅ ʀᴀᴛᴇ ᴏғ ᴜʀʙᴀɴɪᴢᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ɪs ᴄᴀᴜsᴇ ғᴏʀ sɪɢɴɪғɪᴄᴀɴᴛ ᴄᴏɴᴄᴇʀɴ ɢɪᴠᴇɴ ᴛʜᴀᴛ ᴍᴀɴʏ ᴏғ ᴛʜᴇsᴇ ᴄᴏᴜɴᴛʀɪᴇs ᴏғᴛᴇɴ ʟᴀᴄᴋ ᴛʜᴇ ᴀʙɪʟɪᴛʏ ᴛᴏ ᴘʀᴏᴠɪᴅᴇ ᴛʜᴇ ɪɴғʀᴀsᴛʀᴜᴄᴛᴜʀᴇ (ᴇ.ɢ., ʀᴏᴀᴅs ᴀɴᴅ ᴀғғᴏʀᴅᴀʙʟᴇ ʜᴏᴜsɪɴɢ) ᴀɴᴅ ʙᴀsɪᴄ sᴇʀᴠɪᴄᴇs (ᴇ.ɢ., ᴡᴀᴛᴇʀ ᴀɴᴅ sᴀɴɪᴛᴀᴛɪᴏɴ) ᴛᴏ ᴘʀᴏᴠɪᴅᴇ ᴀᴅᴇǫᴜᴀᴛᴇʟʏ ғᴏʀ ᴛʜᴇ ɪɴᴄʀᴇᴀsɪɴɢ ɪɴғʟᴜx ᴏғ ᴘᴇᴏᴘʟᴇ ɪɴᴛᴏ ᴄɪᴛɪᴇs. ᴡʜɪʟᴇ ʀᴇsᴇᴀʀᴄʜ ᴏɴ sʟᴜᴍs ʜᴀs ʙᴇᴇɴ ᴏɴɢᴏɪɴɢ, sᴜᴄʜ ᴡᴏʀᴋ ʜᴀs ᴍᴀɪɴʟʏ ғᴏᴄᴜsᴇᴅ ᴏɴ ᴏɴᴇ ᴏғ ᴛʜʀᴇᴇ ᴄᴏɴsᴛʀᴜᴄᴛs: ᴇxᴘʟᴏʀɪɴɢ ᴛʜᴇ sᴏᴄɪᴏ-ᴇᴄᴏɴᴏᴍɪᴄ ᴀɴᴅ ᴘᴏʟɪᴄʏ ɪssᴜᴇs; ᴇxᴘʟᴏʀɪɴɢ ᴛʜᴇ ᴘʜʏsɪᴄᴀʟ ᴄʜᴀʀᴀᴄᴛᴇʀɪsᴛɪᴄs; ᴀɴᴅ, ʟᴀsᴛʟʏ, ᴛʜᴏsᴇ ᴍᴏᴅᴇʟʟɪɴɢ sʟᴜᴍs. ᴛʜɪs ᴘᴀᴘᴇʀ ʀᴇᴠɪᴇᴡs ᴛʜᴇsᴇ ʟɪɴᴇs ᴏғ ʀᴇsᴇᴀʀᴄʜ ᴀɴᴅ ᴀʀɢᴜᴇs ᴛʜᴀᴛ ᴡʜɪʟᴇ ᴇᴀᴄʜ ɪs ᴠᴀʟᴜᴀʙʟᴇ, ᴛʜᴇʀᴇ ɪs ᴀ ɴᴇᴇᴅ ғᴏʀ ᴀ ᴍᴏʀᴇ ʜᴏʟɪsᴛɪᴄ ᴀᴘᴘʀᴏᴀᴄʜ ғᴏʀ sᴛᴜᴅʏɪɴɢ sʟᴜᴍs ᴛᴏ ᴛʀᴜʟʏ ᴜɴᴅᴇʀsᴛᴀɴᴅ ᴛʜᴇᴍ.