what are the advantages and disadvantages of the following soils ?
(a) Laterite soil (b) Red soil (d) Regur soil
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Advantages
(a)it provides a source of material to be used in building and construction works.
(a)it helps in the production of cashew and tapioca.
(b)red soil becomes productive when fertilizers are added to it.
(b)it is rich in potash.
(c)it is highly beneficial for growing cotton.
(c)it is a moisture retentive and also forms cracks when hardens thus facilitates ploughing.
Disadvantages
(a)it is highly infertile because the soil nutrients gets leached away due to heavy downpours.
(a)it cannot retain moisture.
(b)it is deficient in most soil nutrients such as lime,humus,phosphoric acid,etc.
(b)alike laterite soil it is also less water retentive.
(c)it becomes very sticky when comes in contact with water thus causes difficulty in transportation.
(a)it provides a source of material to be used in building and construction works.
(a)it helps in the production of cashew and tapioca.
(b)red soil becomes productive when fertilizers are added to it.
(b)it is rich in potash.
(c)it is highly beneficial for growing cotton.
(c)it is a moisture retentive and also forms cracks when hardens thus facilitates ploughing.
Disadvantages
(a)it is highly infertile because the soil nutrients gets leached away due to heavy downpours.
(a)it cannot retain moisture.
(b)it is deficient in most soil nutrients such as lime,humus,phosphoric acid,etc.
(b)alike laterite soil it is also less water retentive.
(c)it becomes very sticky when comes in contact with water thus causes difficulty in transportation.
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3
1. Alluvial Soils
Formation: They are mainly derived from the debris brought down from the Himalayas or the silt left out by the retreating sea. Thus they are azonal soils.Areas: Alluvial soils are widespread in the northern plains and the river valleys. Through a narrow corridor in Rajasthan, they extend into the plains of Gujarat. In the Peninsular region, they are found in deltas of the east coast and in the river valleys.Soil texture: The alluvial soils vary in nature from sandy loam to clay. These soils are more loamy and clayey in the lower and middle Ganga plain and the Brahmaputra valley. The sand content decreases from the west to east.Soil Colour: The colour of the alluvial soils varies from the light grey to ash grey depending on the depth of the deposition, the texture of the materials, and the time taken for attaining maturity.Other Characteristic Features:In alluvial soils have developed, viz. Khadar and Bhangar.Khadar and Bhangar
Khadar: the newer alluvium deposited by floods annually, enriches the soil by depositing fine silts, light colour, found near river beds, porous in nature.Bhangar: older alluvium, clayey, darker, has lime nodules called Kankars, found in doabs (inter-fluve areas).Alluvial soils of the northern plains —> transported soils —> therefore lack humus —> lack nitrogen [That is why we need to use nitrogenous fertilisers in !]. Exception: the Ganga-Brahmaputra delta region is rich in humus.These soils lack in nitrogen, phosphorus and humus. However, they are generally rich in potash and lime.The rapidly through leguminous crops (peas, beans, cloves etc.)Suitable Crops: Wheat, rice, maize, sugarcane, pulses, oilseeds, fruits and vegetables, leguminous crops.
2. Black Soil
These soils are locally known as the ‘Regur Soil’ or the ‘Black Cotton Soil’. Internationally, these are known as ‘tropical chernozems’. These soils are famous for the cultivation of cotton.Formation: These have mainly formed from the Deccan Trap rocks —> Zonal SoilsAreas: These are found in the Deccan trap region. Black soil covers most of the Deccan Plateau which includes parts of:Maharashtra,Madhya Pradesh,Gujarat,Andhra Pradesh and some parts ofTamil Nadu.Soil Texture: Black cotton soil (regur soil) is highly argillaceous i.e. clayey. It is deep and impermeable and thus has high water retention capacity.Soil Colour: These soils are black in colour due to the presence of iron, aluminium compounds and humus.Other Characteristic Features:These soils are rich in minerals and known for their fertility.The soil depth varies from place to place. It is very thick in lowlands but very thin on highlands. Also, in the upper reaches of the Godavari and the Krishna, and the northwestern part of the Deccan Plateau, the black soil is very deep.These soils swell and become sticky when wet and develop deep wide
3. Red and Yellow Soils
Locally called ‘Chalka’ in Andhra Pradesh.Formation: These are derived from granites, gneisses and other metamorphic rocks e piedmont zone of the Western Ghat, a long stretch of area is occupied by red loamy soil. Yellow and red soils are also found in parts of Orissa and Chattisgarh and in the southern parts of the middle Ganga plain. They encircle the black cotton soil zone.Soil Colour: The soil develops a reddish colour due to a wide diffusion of iron in crystalline and metamorphic rocks. It looks yellow when it occurs in a hydrated form. Often, their upper layer is Other Characteristic Features:The fine-grained red and yellow soils are normally fertile, whereas coarse-grained soils found in dry upland areas are poor in fertility.Have a porous and friable structure.They are generally poor in nitrogen, phosphorous and humus.These soils are airy and need irrigation for cultivation.Intense le
4. Laterite Soil
The word laterite has been derived from the Latin word ‘Later’ which means brick. These soils when wet are as soft as butter but become hard and cloddy on drying. Therefore, these are widely cut as bricks for use in house construction.Formation: The lateritic soils are particularly found on high flat erosion surfaces in areas of high(>200cm) and seasonal rainfall. The alternating wet and dry seasons lead to the leaching away of the siliceous matter of the rocks leaving behind the compounds of iron and aluminium. These are zonal soils.Areas: These soils have mainly developed in the higher areas of the Peninsular plateau. The laterite soils are commonly found in Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh and the hilly areas of Orissa and Assam.Soil Colour: Reddish brown in colour due to the presence of iron oxide.Other characteristic features:With rain, lime and silica are leached away,
Formation: They are mainly derived from the debris brought down from the Himalayas or the silt left out by the retreating sea. Thus they are azonal soils.Areas: Alluvial soils are widespread in the northern plains and the river valleys. Through a narrow corridor in Rajasthan, they extend into the plains of Gujarat. In the Peninsular region, they are found in deltas of the east coast and in the river valleys.Soil texture: The alluvial soils vary in nature from sandy loam to clay. These soils are more loamy and clayey in the lower and middle Ganga plain and the Brahmaputra valley. The sand content decreases from the west to east.Soil Colour: The colour of the alluvial soils varies from the light grey to ash grey depending on the depth of the deposition, the texture of the materials, and the time taken for attaining maturity.Other Characteristic Features:In alluvial soils have developed, viz. Khadar and Bhangar.Khadar and Bhangar
Khadar: the newer alluvium deposited by floods annually, enriches the soil by depositing fine silts, light colour, found near river beds, porous in nature.Bhangar: older alluvium, clayey, darker, has lime nodules called Kankars, found in doabs (inter-fluve areas).Alluvial soils of the northern plains —> transported soils —> therefore lack humus —> lack nitrogen [That is why we need to use nitrogenous fertilisers in !]. Exception: the Ganga-Brahmaputra delta region is rich in humus.These soils lack in nitrogen, phosphorus and humus. However, they are generally rich in potash and lime.The rapidly through leguminous crops (peas, beans, cloves etc.)Suitable Crops: Wheat, rice, maize, sugarcane, pulses, oilseeds, fruits and vegetables, leguminous crops.
2. Black Soil
These soils are locally known as the ‘Regur Soil’ or the ‘Black Cotton Soil’. Internationally, these are known as ‘tropical chernozems’. These soils are famous for the cultivation of cotton.Formation: These have mainly formed from the Deccan Trap rocks —> Zonal SoilsAreas: These are found in the Deccan trap region. Black soil covers most of the Deccan Plateau which includes parts of:Maharashtra,Madhya Pradesh,Gujarat,Andhra Pradesh and some parts ofTamil Nadu.Soil Texture: Black cotton soil (regur soil) is highly argillaceous i.e. clayey. It is deep and impermeable and thus has high water retention capacity.Soil Colour: These soils are black in colour due to the presence of iron, aluminium compounds and humus.Other Characteristic Features:These soils are rich in minerals and known for their fertility.The soil depth varies from place to place. It is very thick in lowlands but very thin on highlands. Also, in the upper reaches of the Godavari and the Krishna, and the northwestern part of the Deccan Plateau, the black soil is very deep.These soils swell and become sticky when wet and develop deep wide
3. Red and Yellow Soils
Locally called ‘Chalka’ in Andhra Pradesh.Formation: These are derived from granites, gneisses and other metamorphic rocks e piedmont zone of the Western Ghat, a long stretch of area is occupied by red loamy soil. Yellow and red soils are also found in parts of Orissa and Chattisgarh and in the southern parts of the middle Ganga plain. They encircle the black cotton soil zone.Soil Colour: The soil develops a reddish colour due to a wide diffusion of iron in crystalline and metamorphic rocks. It looks yellow when it occurs in a hydrated form. Often, their upper layer is Other Characteristic Features:The fine-grained red and yellow soils are normally fertile, whereas coarse-grained soils found in dry upland areas are poor in fertility.Have a porous and friable structure.They are generally poor in nitrogen, phosphorous and humus.These soils are airy and need irrigation for cultivation.Intense le
4. Laterite Soil
The word laterite has been derived from the Latin word ‘Later’ which means brick. These soils when wet are as soft as butter but become hard and cloddy on drying. Therefore, these are widely cut as bricks for use in house construction.Formation: The lateritic soils are particularly found on high flat erosion surfaces in areas of high(>200cm) and seasonal rainfall. The alternating wet and dry seasons lead to the leaching away of the siliceous matter of the rocks leaving behind the compounds of iron and aluminium. These are zonal soils.Areas: These soils have mainly developed in the higher areas of the Peninsular plateau. The laterite soils are commonly found in Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh and the hilly areas of Orissa and Assam.Soil Colour: Reddish brown in colour due to the presence of iron oxide.Other characteristic features:With rain, lime and silica are leached away,
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