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A1- Entropy, the measure of a system's thermal energy per unit temperature that is unavailable for doing useful work. Because work is obtained from ordered molecular motion, the amount of entropy is also a measure of the molecular disorder, or randomness, of a system.
A2- 1)Reduction and oxidation occur simultaneously in a type of chemical reaction called a reduction-oxidation or redox reaction.
2)The oxidized species loses electrons, while the reduced species gains electrons.
3)Despite the name, oxygen need not be present in an oxidation reaction.
A3- The Nernst equation provides a relation between the cell potential of an electrochemical cell, the standard cell potential, temperature, and the reaction quotient. Even under non-standard conditions, the cell potentials of electrochemical cells can be determined with the help of the Nernst equation.The Nernst equation is often used to calculate the cell potential of an electrochemical cell at any given temperature, pressure, and reactant concentration. The equation was introduced by a German chemist Walther Hermann Nernst.
The Nernst equation can be used to calculate:
1)Single electrode reduction or oxidation potential at any conditions.
2)Standard electrode potentials.
3)Comparing the relative ability as a reductive or oxidative agent.
4)Finding the feasibility of the combination of such single electrodes to produce electric potential.
5)Emf of an electrochemical cell.
6)Unknown ionic concentrations.
7)The pH of solutions and solubility of sparingly soluble salts can be measured with the help of the Nernst equation.
A4- Corrosion can be defined as the process through which refined metals are converted into more stable compounds such as metal oxides, metal sulfides, or metal hydroxides. The rusting of iron involves the formation of iron oxides via the action of atmospheric moisture and oxygen.
A5- There are several types of corrosion, including wet corrosion and dry corrosion. Dry corrosion occurs when there is no water or moisture to aid the corrosion, and the metal oxidises with the atmosphere alone. Wet corrosion of metals occurs through electron transfer, involving two processes, oxidation and reduction.
A6-Stress-corrosion occurs when a material exists in a relatively inert environment but corrodes due to an applied stress. The stress may be externally applied or residual. This form of corrosion is particularly dangerous because it may not occur under a particular set of conditions until there is an applied stress.
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