What are the categories of muslim society in punjab in the early 16 century?
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The History of the Punjab refers to the history of the Punjab region, a geopolitical, cultural, and historical region in South Asia, comprising areas of eastern Pakistan and northern India. Ancient Punjab was the primary geographical extent of the Indus Valley Civilisation, which was notable for advanced technologies and amenities that the people of the region had used. During the Vedic period, Punjab was referred to as Sapta Sindhu, or the Land of Seven Rivers. Punjab was historically a Hindu-Buddhist region during this period, known for its high activity of scholarship, technology, and arts. Intermittent wars between various kingdoms was characteristic of this time, except in times of temporary unification under centralised Indian Empires or invading powers. After the arrival of Islamic rule in India, that had managed to rule throughout a long period of the region's history, much of Western Punjab had become a centre of Islamic culture in the Indian subcontinent. An interlude of Sikh rule under the Maharaja Ranjit Singh and his Sikh Empire had seen a brief resurfacing of traditional culture, until the British had annexed the region into the British Raj. Following the end of colonial rule, Punjab was partitioned on religious lines - the Sikh and Hindu majority districts forming East Punjab went to India, while the remaining Muslim districts of West Punjab went to Pakistan.
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Hindu texts present diverse and conflicting views on the position of women, ranging from feminine leadership as the highest goddess, to limiting her role to an obedient daughter, housewife and mother. The Devi Sukta hymn of rigveda, a scripture of Hinduism, declares the feminine energy as the essence of the universe, the one who creates all matter and consciousness, the eternal and infinite, the metaphysical and empirical reality ( Brahman), the soul ( Supreme self) of everything.The women is celebrated as the most powerful and the empowering force in some Hindu Upanishads, Shastras and Puranas, particularly the Devi Upanishad, Devi Mahatmya and Devi - Bhagavata purana .
Ancient and mediaeval era Hindu texts present a diverse picture of duties and rights of women in Hinduism. The texts recognise eight kinds of marriage, ranging from father finding a marriage partner for his daughter and seeking her consent ( Brahma marriage) , to the bride and groom finding each other without parental participation ( Gandharva marriage) . Scholars state that vedic era Hindu texts, and records left by travelers to ancient and mediaeval India. Suggest ancient and early mediaeval Hindu society did not practice or Dowry or sati. These practices likely became widespread sometime in the 2nd millennium CE from socio - political developments in the Indian subcontinent.
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