What are the chances that differentiate the medieval period and ancient period ?
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The history of different answers to this question is almost more fascinating than the answer itself.
Generally speaking, the common opinion is that the beginning of the middle ages and the and of antiquity is the “fall of Rome”. The “middle” of “middle ages” is because that period lies between Classical Antiquity and the Renaissance (lit.: “rebirth”, idiomatically: rebirth of civilization, order, and learning).
There are ongoing debates over exactly when Rome fell, as well as ongoing debates over exactly when the Renaissance started.
Generally speaking, people completely misunderstand the middle ages, and believe them to have been more barbaric and chaotic than they actually were. This is from propaganda published in the Renaissance/enlightenment ear by people who wanted everyone to think of them as different from those who came before, even if that was not true to the same level. This largely muddies the waters. If the middle ages were more civilized and learned than we generally imagine that they were, was it really a separate period at all?
But wait, it gets even more confusing!
The Roman Empire, in the late end of its period, was very medieval in appearance and function. So, if we accept that there was a middle ages, then we have to say that it started sometime before Rome fell, which completely contradicts the general consensus.
When most people imagine the Roman Empire, they imagine what it looked like during a very narrow slice of its thousand-year duration. We are really imagining the Roman civilization from the reforms of Marius until the end of the Julio-Claudian dynasty of Emperors. That is approximately from 100 BC until 100 AD by the Christian calendar. Please note, that the Romans didn’t use the Christian calendar at this time. We are imposing our numbering for years onto a people who didn’t use that system.
Most people imagine what the soldiers of the Legions looked like, and imagine a few specific famous buildings, and that it the only image that we think of. That is why I point at Marius: he was a military reformer. It was he who established the Legions and their equipment as we popularly imagine them. Before Marius, the Legions were called by the same name, but looked very different. Most of the famous buildings that we imagine were built on orders of one or other of the Julio-Claudian Emperors. This gives us our time window of what is commonly imagined, but is only a tiny little slice of Roman history, or of the history of greater Antiquity.
So, not only is there no agreement over exactly when the Roman Empire ended, the Classical Era ended at some unknown time different from the first unknown. We have an unknown relating in an unknown way to a different unknown. What fun.
Many of the institutions which are most iconic of the Middle Ages were ordered by the Roman Emperor Diocletian as part of his solutions to the Crisis of the Third Century. But most historians agree that the reign of Diocletian is not exactly the beginning of the Middle Ages. We know exactly when he ascended to the throne, and when he left the throne (he is one of the only Roman Emperors in history to retire while still alive), and we have copies of the specific decrees whereby he ordered his reforms, which have dates on them. So we know exactly when the Diocletianic reforms began being implemented. But that only partially transformed the Empire from Classical to Medieval.
So, read up about the Crisis of the Third Century and about the Diocletianic Reforms, and that will give you some picture, both of what things were like before the reforms and what they were like after.
Generally speaking, the common opinion is that the beginning of the middle ages and the and of antiquity is the “fall of Rome”. The “middle” of “middle ages” is because that period lies between Classical Antiquity and the Renaissance (lit.: “rebirth”, idiomatically: rebirth of civilization, order, and learning).
There are ongoing debates over exactly when Rome fell, as well as ongoing debates over exactly when the Renaissance started.
Generally speaking, people completely misunderstand the middle ages, and believe them to have been more barbaric and chaotic than they actually were. This is from propaganda published in the Renaissance/enlightenment ear by people who wanted everyone to think of them as different from those who came before, even if that was not true to the same level. This largely muddies the waters. If the middle ages were more civilized and learned than we generally imagine that they were, was it really a separate period at all?
But wait, it gets even more confusing!
The Roman Empire, in the late end of its period, was very medieval in appearance and function. So, if we accept that there was a middle ages, then we have to say that it started sometime before Rome fell, which completely contradicts the general consensus.
When most people imagine the Roman Empire, they imagine what it looked like during a very narrow slice of its thousand-year duration. We are really imagining the Roman civilization from the reforms of Marius until the end of the Julio-Claudian dynasty of Emperors. That is approximately from 100 BC until 100 AD by the Christian calendar. Please note, that the Romans didn’t use the Christian calendar at this time. We are imposing our numbering for years onto a people who didn’t use that system.
Most people imagine what the soldiers of the Legions looked like, and imagine a few specific famous buildings, and that it the only image that we think of. That is why I point at Marius: he was a military reformer. It was he who established the Legions and their equipment as we popularly imagine them. Before Marius, the Legions were called by the same name, but looked very different. Most of the famous buildings that we imagine were built on orders of one or other of the Julio-Claudian Emperors. This gives us our time window of what is commonly imagined, but is only a tiny little slice of Roman history, or of the history of greater Antiquity.
So, not only is there no agreement over exactly when the Roman Empire ended, the Classical Era ended at some unknown time different from the first unknown. We have an unknown relating in an unknown way to a different unknown. What fun.
Many of the institutions which are most iconic of the Middle Ages were ordered by the Roman Emperor Diocletian as part of his solutions to the Crisis of the Third Century. But most historians agree that the reign of Diocletian is not exactly the beginning of the Middle Ages. We know exactly when he ascended to the throne, and when he left the throne (he is one of the only Roman Emperors in history to retire while still alive), and we have copies of the specific decrees whereby he ordered his reforms, which have dates on them. So we know exactly when the Diocletianic reforms began being implemented. But that only partially transformed the Empire from Classical to Medieval.
So, read up about the Crisis of the Third Century and about the Diocletianic Reforms, and that will give you some picture, both of what things were like before the reforms and what they were like after.
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