what are the comminh rinderpest to africa
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Rinderpest (also cattle plague or steppe murrain) was an infectious viral disease of cattle, domestic buffalo, and many other species of even-toed ungulates, including buffaloes, large antelope and deer, giraffes, wildebeests, and warthogs.[1] The disease was characterized by fever, oral erosions, diarrhea, lymphoid necrosis, and high mortality. Death rates during outbreaks were usually extremely high, approaching 100% in immunologically naïve populations.[2] Rinderpest was mainly transmitted by direct contact and by drinking contaminated water, although it could also be transmitted by air.[3] After a global eradication campaign since the mid-1900s, the last confirmed case of rinderpest was diagnosed in 2001.[4]
On 14 October 2010, the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) announced that field activities in the decades-long, worldwide campaign to eradicate the disease were ending, paving the way for a formal declaration in June 2011 of the global eradication of rinderpest.[5] On 25 May 2011, the World Organisation for Animal Health announced the free status of the last eight countries not yet recognized (a total of 198 countries were now free of the disease), officially declaring the eradication of the disease.[6] In June 2011, the United Nations FAO confirmed the disease was eradicated, making rinderpest only the second disease in history to be fully wiped out (outside laboratory stocks), following smallpox.[7]
Rinderpest is believed to have originated in Asia, later spreading through the transport of cattle.[8] The term Rinderpest is a German word meaning "cattle-plague".[1][8] The rinderpest virus (RPV) was closely related to the measles and canine distemper viruses.[9] The measles virus emerged from rinderpest as a zoonotic disease between 1000 and 1100 AD, a period that may have been preceded by limited outbreaks involving a virus not yet fully acclimated to humans.[1