What are the contributions of microbes in the following areas
a) Food industry
b) Medical
c) Environment
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CONTRIBUTIONS OF MICROBES IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY:-
1). They are used in production of various food products, and are also responsible for food spoilage thereby causing intoxication and diseases.
2). Microbial contamination of food products takes places usually on the way from the field to the processing plant, or during processing, storage, transport and distribution or before consumption.
3). The microorganisms that cause food spoilage and also find the maximum exploitation in production of food and food products are mainly bacteria, molds and yeasts.
CONTRIBUTION OF MICROBES IN IN MEDICAL:-
1).
If the microbes that we carry in our digestive system — called our (intestinal) microbiota — are out of balance, we can become ill. There are indications that we can positively influence that balance by eating healthy intestinal microbes. Previously, researchers could only isolate a select few probiotics (mostly Lactobacilli) from our intestinal microbiota or from fermented products like yoghurt. But the number of probiotics is growing. In 2013, scientists discovered a strain of intestinal bacteria that can, amongst other things, regulate the immune system and the storage of fat. Such bacteria could create a new generation of probiotics, with far more useful effects on our health.
2).
Antibiotics and vaccines:-
Vaccinations and antibiotics are classics in the medical world. Every year, they save millions of lives around the world. Antibiotics are substances that kill certain bacteria or stop their growth. In nature, bacteria and fungi make antibiotics to eliminate their competitors. We use them now to protect ourselves, our pets, and other animals.
Antibiotics don’t help in the fight against viral infections. There are special anti-viral medications, but these merely stop the growth of viruses. They don’t eliminate viruses completely. When it comes to viruses, it’s mostly a question of waiting out the infection – most of them are not deadly. But we can activate our immune systems against viruses ahead of time with vaccinations. We introduce dead, weakened, or particles of a virus into our systems, usually through an injection. In reaction to this, our immune systems build up antibodies that usually protect us from a specific virus for years.
CONTRIBUTION OF MICROBES IN ENVIRONMENT:-
1). Microbes are omnipresent in the biosphere, and their presence invariably affects the environment in which they grow. The effects of microbes on their environment can be beneficial or harmful or inapparent with regard to human measure or observation.
2). The most significant effect of the microbes on earth is their ability to recycle the primary elements that make up all living systems, especially carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen (N). Primary production involves photosynthetic organisms which take up CO2 from the atmosphere and convert it to organic (cellular) material. The process is also called CO2 fixation, and it accounts for a very large portion of organic carbon available for synthesis of cell material.
3). Decomposition or biodegradation results in the breakdown of complex organic materials to other forms of carbon that can be used by other organisms. There is no naturally occurring organic compound that cannot be degraded by some microbe, although some synthetic compounds such as Teflon, plastics, insecticides, and pesticides are broken down very slowly or not at all.
4). Through the microbial metabolic processes of fermentation and respiration, organic molecules are eventually broken down to CO2 which is returned to the atmosphere for continuous process of primary production. Biological nitrogen fixation is a process found only in some bacteria which remove N2 from the atmosphere and converts it to ammonia (NH3), for use by the plants and animals. Nitrogen fixation also results in replenishment of soil nitrogen removed by agricultural processes. Thus along with all these benefits, microbes greatly contribute in maintaining sustainability of environment. This chapter mainly focuses on beneficial and harmful impacts of microbes on environment and their role to maintain quality, health, and sustainability of environment.
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