what are the contributions of WHO in promoting health? I need a long answer.
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World Health Organization (WHO) is the United Nations’ specialized agency for Health. It is an inter-governmental organization and works in collaboration with its member states usually through the Ministries of Health. The World Health Organization is responsible for providing leadership on global health matters, shaping the health research agenda, setting norms and standards, articulating evidence-based policy options, providing technical support to countries and monitoring and assessing health trends.
India became a party to the WHO Constitution on 12 January 1948. The first session of the WHO Regional Committee for South-East Asia was held on 4-5 October 1948 in the office of the Indian Minister of Health. It was inaugurated by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, Prime Minister of India and was addressed by the WHO Director-General, Dr Brock Chisholm. India is a Member State of the WHO South East Asia Region.
Dr Henk Bekedam is the WHO Representative to India.
The WHO Country Office for India is headquartered in Delhi with country-wide presence. The WHO Country Office for India’s areas of work are enshrined in its new Country Cooperation Strategy (CCS) 2012-2017.
WHO is staffed by health professionals, other experts and support staff working at headquarters in Geneva, six regional offices and country offices. In carrying out its activities and fulfilling its objectives, WHO's secretariat focuses its work on the following six core functions:
providing leadership on matters critical to health and engaging in partnerships where joint action is needed;shaping the research agenda and stimulating the generation, translation and dissemination of valuable knowledge;setting norms and standards and promoting and monitoring their implementation;articulating ethical and evidence-based policy options;providing technical support, catalysing change, and building sustainable institutional capacity; andmonitoring the health situation and assessing health trends.
These core functions are set out in the 11th General Programme of Work, which provides the framework for organization-wide programme of work, budget, resources and results. Entitled "Engaging for health", it covers the 10-year period from 2006 to 2015.
Country Cooperation Strategy (CCS) 2012-2017
The WHO Country Cooperation Strategy – India (2012-2017) has been jointly developed by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoH&FW) of the Government of India (GoI) and the WHO Country Office for India (WCO). Its key aim is to contribute to improving health and equity in India. It distinguishes and addresses both the challenges to unleashing India’s potential globally and the challenges to solving long-standing health and health service delivery problems internally.
The CCS incorporates the valuable recommendations of key stakeholders garnered through extensive consultations. It balances country priorities with WHO’s strategic orientations and comparative advantages in order to contribute optimally to national health development. It includes work on “inter-sectoral” actions, regulations and reform of the provision of (personal and population) health services that impact on the health system outcomes – health status, financial protection, responsiveness and performance.
To contribute meaningfully to the national health policy processes and government’s health agenda, the CCS has identified three strategic priorities and the focus areas under each priority:
India became a party to the WHO Constitution on 12 January 1948. The first session of the WHO Regional Committee for South-East Asia was held on 4-5 October 1948 in the office of the Indian Minister of Health. It was inaugurated by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, Prime Minister of India and was addressed by the WHO Director-General, Dr Brock Chisholm. India is a Member State of the WHO South East Asia Region.
Dr Henk Bekedam is the WHO Representative to India.
The WHO Country Office for India is headquartered in Delhi with country-wide presence. The WHO Country Office for India’s areas of work are enshrined in its new Country Cooperation Strategy (CCS) 2012-2017.
WHO is staffed by health professionals, other experts and support staff working at headquarters in Geneva, six regional offices and country offices. In carrying out its activities and fulfilling its objectives, WHO's secretariat focuses its work on the following six core functions:
providing leadership on matters critical to health and engaging in partnerships where joint action is needed;shaping the research agenda and stimulating the generation, translation and dissemination of valuable knowledge;setting norms and standards and promoting and monitoring their implementation;articulating ethical and evidence-based policy options;providing technical support, catalysing change, and building sustainable institutional capacity; andmonitoring the health situation and assessing health trends.
These core functions are set out in the 11th General Programme of Work, which provides the framework for organization-wide programme of work, budget, resources and results. Entitled "Engaging for health", it covers the 10-year period from 2006 to 2015.
Country Cooperation Strategy (CCS) 2012-2017
The WHO Country Cooperation Strategy – India (2012-2017) has been jointly developed by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoH&FW) of the Government of India (GoI) and the WHO Country Office for India (WCO). Its key aim is to contribute to improving health and equity in India. It distinguishes and addresses both the challenges to unleashing India’s potential globally and the challenges to solving long-standing health and health service delivery problems internally.
The CCS incorporates the valuable recommendations of key stakeholders garnered through extensive consultations. It balances country priorities with WHO’s strategic orientations and comparative advantages in order to contribute optimally to national health development. It includes work on “inter-sectoral” actions, regulations and reform of the provision of (personal and population) health services that impact on the health system outcomes – health status, financial protection, responsiveness and performance.
To contribute meaningfully to the national health policy processes and government’s health agenda, the CCS has identified three strategic priorities and the focus areas under each priority:
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The author traces the development of the concept of health promotion from 1980s policies of the World Health Organization. Two approaches that signify the modernization of public health are outlined in detail: the European Health for All targets and the settings approach. Both aim to reorient health policy priorities from a risk factor approach to strategies that address the determinants of health and empower people to participate in improving the health of their communities.
These approaches combine classic public health dictums with “new” strategies, some setting explicit goals to integrate public health with general welfare policy. Health for All, health promotion, and population health have contributed to this reorientation in thinking and strategy, but the focus of health policy remains expenditure rather than investment.
IN 1986, AT AN INTERNATIONALconference held in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, under the leadership of the World Health Organization (WHO) (and with a strong personal commitment from then Director General Halfdan Mahler), a broad new understanding of health promotion was adopted. The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion has since exerted significant influence—both directly and indirectly—on the public health debate, on health policy formulation, and on health promotion practices in many countries.The work on this document was spearheaded by the WHO European Regional Office and was developed over a period of 5 years of intensive research and debate. It was based on the “Health for All” philosophy, the Alma Ata Declaration,and the Lalonde health field concept.
The Ottawa charter initiated a redefinition and repositioning of institutions, epistemic communities, and actors at the “health” end of the disease–health continuum, a perspective that had been labeled the “salutogenic approach” by Aaron Antonovsky. In overcoming an individualistic understanding of lifestyles and in highlighting social environments and policy, the orientation of health promotion began to shift from focusing on the modification of individual risk factors or risk behaviors to addressing the “context and meaning” of health actions and the determinants that keep people healthy. The Canadian Lalonde report is often cited as having been the starting point of this new development. Recently the director of the Pan American Health Organization, Sir George Alleyne, reflected on this issue, stating that “it is perhaps not accidental that the impetus for the focus on health promotion for the many should have risen in Canada which is often credited with maintaining a more egalitarian approach in all health matters.”
In its Health for All strategy, WHO positioned health at the center of development policy and defined the goal of health policy as “providing all people with the opportunity to lead a socially and economically productive life.”It proposed a revolutionary shift in perspective from input to outcomes: governments were to be held accountable for the health of their populations, not just for the health services they provided. Lester Breslow, the father of the Alameda County study and one of the world’s leading epidemiologists, had argued in 1985 that “the stage is set for a new public health revolution.”The Ottawa charter echoed this challenge as well as the link to public health history in its subtitle, “The Move Towards a New Public Health.”
These approaches combine classic public health dictums with “new” strategies, some setting explicit goals to integrate public health with general welfare policy. Health for All, health promotion, and population health have contributed to this reorientation in thinking and strategy, but the focus of health policy remains expenditure rather than investment.
IN 1986, AT AN INTERNATIONALconference held in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, under the leadership of the World Health Organization (WHO) (and with a strong personal commitment from then Director General Halfdan Mahler), a broad new understanding of health promotion was adopted. The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion has since exerted significant influence—both directly and indirectly—on the public health debate, on health policy formulation, and on health promotion practices in many countries.The work on this document was spearheaded by the WHO European Regional Office and was developed over a period of 5 years of intensive research and debate. It was based on the “Health for All” philosophy, the Alma Ata Declaration,and the Lalonde health field concept.
The Ottawa charter initiated a redefinition and repositioning of institutions, epistemic communities, and actors at the “health” end of the disease–health continuum, a perspective that had been labeled the “salutogenic approach” by Aaron Antonovsky. In overcoming an individualistic understanding of lifestyles and in highlighting social environments and policy, the orientation of health promotion began to shift from focusing on the modification of individual risk factors or risk behaviors to addressing the “context and meaning” of health actions and the determinants that keep people healthy. The Canadian Lalonde report is often cited as having been the starting point of this new development. Recently the director of the Pan American Health Organization, Sir George Alleyne, reflected on this issue, stating that “it is perhaps not accidental that the impetus for the focus on health promotion for the many should have risen in Canada which is often credited with maintaining a more egalitarian approach in all health matters.”
In its Health for All strategy, WHO positioned health at the center of development policy and defined the goal of health policy as “providing all people with the opportunity to lead a socially and economically productive life.”It proposed a revolutionary shift in perspective from input to outcomes: governments were to be held accountable for the health of their populations, not just for the health services they provided. Lester Breslow, the father of the Alameda County study and one of the world’s leading epidemiologists, had argued in 1985 that “the stage is set for a new public health revolution.”The Ottawa charter echoed this challenge as well as the link to public health history in its subtitle, “The Move Towards a New Public Health.”
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