What are the differences between Permanent, Mahalwari and Ryotwari systems ?
Answers
Answer:
RYOTWARI SYSTEM
1. In this system, the cultivators or roots were given the right to occupy the land they cultivated and were recognised as owners of the land as long as they paid land revenue.
2. The Ryotwari system was introduced in Carnatic and Mysore at the instance of Thomas Munro and Captain Reed.
Mahalwari system
1. In Mahalwari system, the land was not owned by an individual, be it the Zamindars or ryots but by a 'Mahal' which was a group of villages.
2. The Mahalwari system was first adopted in Agra and Awadh.
Explanation:
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Answer:
zamindari system:-
1) Under the Zamindari system, the land revenue was collected from the farmers by the intermediaries known as Zamindars.
2) Zamindari system was started by the Imperialist East India Company in 1793.
3) Lord Cornwallis entered into ‘Permanent Settlement’ with the landlords with a view to increase land revenue. Under this arrangement, the landlords were declared as zamindars with full proprietorship of the land.
The Zamindars were made responsible for the collection of the rent.
4) The share of the government in the total rent collected by the zamindars was kept at 10/11th, and the balance going to zamindars.
5) The system was most prevalent in West Bengal, Bihar, Orrisa, UP, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.
mahalwari system:-
1) Under the Mahalwari system, the land revenue was collected from the farmers by the village headmen on behalf of the whole village.
2) In this system, the entire village is converted into one big unit called ‘Mahal’ and treated as one unit as far as payment of land revenue is concerned.
3) Mahalwari system was popularised by Lord William Bentinck in Agra and Awadh. It was later extended to Madhya Pradesh and Punjab.
The responsibility of collecting and depositing the rent lied with the village headmen.
4) The Mahalwari system is found to be less exploitative than the Zamindari system.
5) The system was prevalent in Agra, Awadh, Punjab, Orrisa and Madhya Pradesh.
ryotwari system:-
1) Under the Ryotwari system, the land revenue was paid by the farmers directly to the state.
2) In this system, the Individual cultivator called Ryot had full rights regarding sale, transfer, and leasing of the land. The ryots could not be evicted from his land as long as he pays the rent.
3) In this system, the responsibility of paying the rent lies with the individual cultivator called “Ryot”. There exist no intermediaries between the government and the individual cultivator.
4) The ryotwari system though appears satisfactory and better than Zamindari and Mahalwari, in reality, the system had several deficiencies. The system was dominated by the mahajans and moneylenders who granted loans to cultivators by mortgaging their land. The moneylenders exploited the cultivators and evicted them from their land in case of loan default.
5) The system was first introduced in Tamil Nadu and later extended to Maharashtra, Berar, East Punjab, Coorg and Assam.
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