What are the different forms of power sharing in modern
democracies? Give an example of each of these.
Answers
Answer:
Different forms of power-sharing in modern democracies are:
(i) Power-sharing in different forms of government: Power is shared among different organs of government, such as the legislature, executive and judiciary. It is also termed as horizontal distribution of power because it allows different organs of government placed at the same level to exercise different powers. For example, The distribution of power between Indian Parliament (legislature), the council of ministers headed by chief ministers (executive) and Courts of India.
(ii) Power-sharing among various levels of governments: The power is shared among governments at different levels– a general government for the entire country and governments at the provincial or regional level. This is also called the federal division of power. Under this the Constitution clearly lays down the power of each level of government. For example, In India, power is shared among three levels of government which are Central government, State government and the local governments.
(iii) Power-sharing among different social groups: Power may also be shared among different social groups such as the religious and linguistic groups. For example, in India, reservations are made for the socially weaker sections of society in legislatures and bureaucracy.
(iv) Power-sharing among political parties, pressure groups and movements: Political Parties, Pressure Groups and Movements control or influence those who are in power. Different political parties contest elections for power which ensures that power does not remain in one hand. In the long run, power is shared among different political parties that represent different ideologies and social groups.
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Answer:
The different forms of power sharing in modern democracies are:
Horizontal Division of Power: It is the sharing of power among the different organs of government, for example, power sharing by the Executive, the Legislature and the Judiciary. In this type of power sharing arrangement, different organs of government, placed at the same level, exercised different powers. Such a separation ensure that none of the organs can exercise unlimited power, thereby putting a check on each other. For example, judges are appointed by the executive, they can check the functioning of executive or laws made by the legislatures.
Vertical Division of Power: It is a system of power sharing among governments at different levels. A general government for the entire country usually known as federal government and governments at provincial or regional levels also known as State Government in India. In India, we refer to it as the Central Government, State Governments, Municipality, Gram Panchayat etc. The Constitution lays down the powers of different levels of government.
Division of Power among different Social Groups: Power can also be shared among different groups which differ socially like different religious and linguistic groups. ‘Community Government’ in Belgium is a good example of this type of power sharing. The system of reserved constituencies in India is another example. Such an arrangement is used to give minority communities space in the government and administration and a fair share in power, who otherwise would feel alienated from the government.
Division of Power among Political Parties, Pressure Groups and Movements: In contemporary democracies such a division takes the form of competition among different parties, which in turn ensure that power does not remain in one hand and is shared among different political parties representing different ideologies and social groups. Sometimes this kind of sharing is direct when two or more parties form an alliance to contest elections.