Question

What are
the
different types of
hybridization?​

Answer 1

Answer:

• Redistribution of the energy of orbitals of individual atoms to give orbitals of equivalent energy happens when two atomic orbitals combine together to form hybrid orbital in a molecule. This process is called hybridization.
• The new orbitals thus formed are known as hybrid orbitals.
• Based on the types of orbitals involved in mixing, the hybridization can be classified as sp3, sp2, sp, sp3d, sp3d2, sp3d3.
• sp Hybridization
• sp hybridization is observed when one s and one p orbital in the same main shell of an atom mix to form two new equivalent orbitals. The new orbitals formed are called sp hybridized orbitals. It forms linear molecules with an angle of 180°
• Examples of sp Hybridization:
• All compounds of beryllium like BeF2, BeH2, BeCl2
• All compounds of carbon-containing triple Bond like C2H2.

• sp2 hybridisation
• Its observed when one s and two p orbitals of the same shell of an atom mix to form 3 equivalent orbital. The new orbitals formed are called sp2 hybrid orbitals.
• sp2 hybridization is also called trigonal hybridization.
• It involves mixing of one ‘s’ orbital and two ‘p’ orbital’s of equal energy to give a new hybrid orbital known as sp2.
• All the three hybrid orbitals remain in one plane and make an angle of 120° with one another. Each of the hybrid orbitals formed has 33.33% s character and 66.66% ‘p’ character
• Examples of sp2 Hybridization
• All the compounds of Boron i.e. BF3, BH3
• sp3 Hybridization
• When one ‘s’ orbital and 3 ‘p’ orbitals belonging to the same shell of an atom mix together to form four new equivalent orbital, the type of hybridization is called a tetrahedral hybridization or sp3 The new orbitals formed are called sp3 hybrid orbitals.
• These are directed towards the four corners of a regular tetrahedron and make an angle of 109°28’ with one another.
• The angle between the sp3 hybrid orbitals is 109.280
• Each sp3 hybrid orbital has 25% s character and 75% p character.
• Example of sp3 hybridization: ethane(C2H6)
• sp3d Hybridization
• sp3d hybridization involves the mixing of 3p orbitals and 1d orbital to form 5 sp3d hybridized orbitals of equal energy.
• They have trigonal bipyramidal geometry.
• Three hybrid orbitals lie in the horizontal plane inclined at an angle of 120° to each other known as the equatorial orbitals.
• The remaining two orbitals lie in the vertical plane at 90 degrees plane of the equatorial orbitals known as axial orbitals.
• Example: PCl5
• sp3d2 Hybridization
• sp3d2 hybridization has 1s, 3p and 2d orbitals, that undergo intermixing to form 6 identical sp3d2 hybrid orbitals.
• These 6 orbitals are directed towards the corners of an octahedron.
• They are inclined at an angle of 90 degrees to one another.