what are the different ways by which parties mobilize during campaigne
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... to the individual characteristics, we find that parties in new democracies are more likely to contact party loyalists than are those in old democracies. This suggests that parties in new democracies may be more likely to follow a strategy of mobilization, while those in established democ- racies may be reaching out beyond their core base of support to convert rather than mobilize other voters. 8 Parties everywhere appear to be more likely to contact those voters who are predisposed to vote. This is evident by the positive coefficients for education, prior voting history and strength of party preference. As discussed earlier, parties that adopt a mobilization strategy may target politically active people because they are easier to motivate to get to the voting booth and they are more likely to convince their friends to vote. Also, parties may just find it easier to locate politically active people from lists of campaign contributors or party members. Finally, it should be noted that the fit of the model is noticeably better in the new democracies. 9 One might have expected the fit to be better in the established democracies if the professionalization of parties enables them to more easily target citizens. Instead, what this suggests is that parties in established democracies are less predictable in their efforts and are likely targeting a broader segment of the electorate. This has the potential to be a successful strategy to the extent that parties do not concentrate their efforts on those predisposed to vote (as the new democracies appear to do). On the other hand, trying to mobilize a broader segment of the electorate may be less effective. Table 2 provides an initial look at political participation across new and old democracies. Reported turnout varies from a low of 58 percent in Poland to 95 percent in Germany and Denmark. These figures almost certainly reflect a degree of over-reporting. 10 Nevertheless, the differences across countries are similar to aggregate turnout figures. Switzerland and the United States typically have the lowest levels of turnout, while Denmark and Australia are usually recognized as having a high level of turnout. New democracies appear to have lower turnout, which is largely consistent with previous literature relying on aggregate data (Norris, 2004). Citizens also appear to be less likely to discuss politics in the new democracies. On average, just 15 percent of the respondents in new democracies report trying to persuade others to vote for a particular party or candidate, while 23 percent report having done so in the old democracies. However, there is considerable vari- ation across the new democracies. Brazil, the Czech Republic and Korea have relatively high percentages of citizens reporting political persuasion. But in all but one of the remaining countries, the percentages are all lower than in any of the old democracies. The two countries with the lowest levels of turnout, Mexico and Poland, were also among the lowest in political persuasion. The proportion reporting some kind of campaign activity is low in both new and old democracies. 11 On average, just 1 in 10 respondents 12 To what extent does party mobilization help to explain these differences in political participation