what are the different ways did the English east India company use to annex indian states between 1757 and 1857
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The East India Company was a private company which, after a long series of wars and diplomatic efforts, came to rule India in the 19th century.
Chartered by Queen Elizabeth I on December 31, 1600, the original company comprised a group of London merchants who hoped to trade for spices at islands in present day Indonesia. Ships of the company's first voyage sailed from England in February 1601.
After a series of conflicts with Dutch and Portuguese traders active in the Spice Islands, the East India Company concentrated its efforts on trading on the Indian subcontinent.
The East India Company Began to Focus on Importing From India
In the early 1600s the East India Company began dealing with the Mogul rulers of India. On the Indian coasts, English traders set up outposts which would eventually become the cities of Bombay, Madras, and Calcutta.
Numerous products, including silk, cotton, sugar, tea, and opium, began to be exported out of India. In return, English goods, including wool, silver, and other metals, were shipped to India.
The company found itself having to hire its own armies to defend trading posts. And over time what began as a commercial enterprise also became a military and diplomatic organization.
British Influence Spread Across India in the 1700s
In the early 1700s the Mogul Empire was collapsing, and various invaders, including Persians and Afghans, entered India. But the major threat to British interests came from the French, who began seizing British trading posts.
At the Battle of Plassey, in 1757, forces of the East India Company, though greatly outnumbered, defeated Indian forces backed by the French. The British, led by Robert Clive, had successfully checked the French incursions. And the company took possession of Bengal, an important region of northeastern India, which greatly increased the company's holdings.
In the late 1700s, company officials became notorious for returning to England and showing off the enormous wealth they had accumulated while in India. They were referred to as "nabobs," which was the English pronunciation of nawab, the word for a Mogul leader.
Alarmed by reports of enormous corruption in India, the British government began to take some control over company affairs. The government began appointing the company's highest official, the governor-general.
The first man to hold the governor-general position, Warren Hastings, was eventually impeached when members of Parliament became resentful at the economic excesses of the nabobs.
The East India Company In the Early 1800s
The successor to Hastings, Lord Cornwallis (who is remembered in America for having surrendered to George Washington during his military service in the American War of Independence) served as governor-general from 1786 to 1793. Cornwallis set a pattern which would be followed for years, instituting reforms and rooting out the corruption which allowed employees of the company to amass great personal fortunes.
Richard Wellesley, who served as governor general in India from 1798 to 1805 was instrumental in extending the rule of the company in India. He ordered the invasion and acquisition of Mysore in 1799. And the first decades of the 19th century became an era of military successes and territorial acquisitions for the company.
In 1833 the Government of India act enacted by Parliament actually ended the company's trading business, and the company essentially became the de facto government in India.
In the late 1840s and 1850s the governor-general of India, Lord Dalhousie, began to utilize a policy known as the "doctrine of lapse" to acquire territory. The policy held that if an Indian ruler died without an heir, or was known to be incompetent, the British could take the territory.
The British expanded their territory, and their income, by using the doctrine. But it was seen as illegitimate by the Indian population and led to discord.
Religious Discord Led to the 1857 Sepoy Mutiny
Throughout the 1830s and 1840s tensions increased between the company and the Indian population. In addition to acquisitions of land by the British causing widespread resentment, there were many problems centered on issues of religion.
A number of Christian missionaries had been allowed into India by the East India Company. And the native population started to become convinced that the British intended to convert the entire Indian subcontinent to Christianity.
In the late 1850s the introduction of a new type of cartridge for the Enfield rifle became a focal point. The cartridges were wrapped in paper which had been coated with grease, so as to make it easier to slide the cartridge down a rifle barrel.
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Answer:
1.BY OUTRIGHT WARS
2.SUBSIDIARY ALLIANCE
3.DOCTRINE OF LAPSE