what are the effects caused by disease causing microorganisms? what measures can be taken to control them? name some plant diseases with their causative organism
Answers
Answer:few harmful microbes, for example less than 1% of bacteria, can invade our body (the host) and make us ill. Microbes cause infectious diseases such as flu and measles.
There is also strong evidence that microbes may contribute to many non–infectious chronic diseases such as some forms of cancer and coronary heart disease. Different diseases are caused by different types of micro-organisms. Microbes that cause disease are called pathogens.
Infectious disease Microbe that causes the disease Type of microbe
Cold Rhinovirus Virus
Chickenpox Varicella zoster Virus
German measles Rubella Virus
Whooping cough Bordatella pertussis Bacterium
Bubonic plague Yersinia pestis Bacterium
TB (Tuberculosis) Mycobacterium tuberculosis Bacterium
Malaria Plasmodium falciparum Protozoan
Ringworm Trichophyton rubrum Fungus
It is important to remember that:
A pathogen is a micro-organism that has the potential to cause disease.
An infection is the invasion and multiplication of pathogenic microbes in an individual or population.
Disease is when the infection causes damage to the individual’s vital functions or systems.
An infection does not always result in disease!
To cause an infection, microbes must enter our bodies. The site at which they enter is known as the portal of entry.
Microbes can enter the body through the four sites listed below:
Respiratory tract (mouth and nose) e.g. influenza virus which causes the flu.
Gastrointestinal tract (mouth oral cavity) e.g. Vibrio cholerae which causes cholera.
Urogenital tract e.g. Escherichia coli which causes cystitis.
Breaks in the skin surface e.g. Clostridium tetani which causes tetanus.
To make us ill microbes have to:
reach their target site in the body;
attach to the target site they are trying to infect so that they are not dislodged;
multiply rapidly;
obtain their nutrients from the host;
avoid and survive attack by the host’s immune system.
Daily habits provide some of the strongest defenses against infectious diseases. Among the sensible actions you can take:
Keep immunizations up to date.
Wash your hands often. Washing with regular soap and rinsing with running water, followed by thorough drying, is considered the most important way to prevent disease transmission. The routine use of antibacterial products—such as those that contain the chemical triclosan—has not proven to confer health benefits and may actually contribute to antibiotic resistance.
Prepare and handle food carefully. (See “How to Protect Yourself” in Foodborne Pathogens.)
Use antibiotics only for infections caused by bacteria. Viral infections cannot be treated with antibiotics. Your doctor may prescribe an antiviral medication if your condition warrants it.
Report to your doctor any rapidly worsening infection or any infection that does not get better after taking a course of antibiotics, if prescribed.
Be careful around all wild animals and unfamiliar domestic animals. If bitten by an animal, cleanse the wound with soap and water and consult a clinician for further evaluation. Enjoy wild animals with your eyes, not by touching them.
Avoid insect bites whenever possible by using insect repellent and wearing a long-sleeve shirt, long pants, and a hat outdoors.
Protect yourself by having safer sex. You and your partner should be tested for sexually transmitted diseases, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), if there has been any risk of exposure. Consistently and correctly use condoms when having sex with a partner of unknown status. Avoid sex with an injecting drug user.
Stay alert to disease threats when traveling or visiting developing countries. Seek advice from a reliable source such as the World Health Organization (WHO) or the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) if you are going to areas of moderate-to-high disease risk.
Acquire healthy habits such as eating well, getting enough sleep, exercising, and avoiding tobacco and illegal drug use.
Plant pathology (also phytopathology) is the scientific study of diseases in plants caused by pathogens (infectious organisms) and environmental conditions (physiological factors).[1] Organisms that cause infectious disease include fungi, oomycetes, bacteria, viruses, viroids, virus-like organisms, phytoplasmas, protozoa, nematodes and parasitic plants. Not included are ectoparasites like insects, mites, vertebrate, or other pests that affect plant health by eating of plant tissues. Plant pathology also involves the study of pathogen identification, disease etiology, disease cycles, economic impact, plant disease epidemiology, plant disease resistance, how plant diseases affect humans and animals, pathosystem genetics, and management of plant diseases.xplanation: