Question

What are the effects of crop rotation?​

Answer 1

Answer:

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$<font color=red>Crop rotation is beneficial both to the environment and to the farmer. ... By rotation, a crop that draws one particular kind of nutrient from the soil is followed during the consequent season by a crop that returns the nutrient to the soil or draws a distinct ratio of nutrients such as rice followed by cotton.The use of different species in rotation allows for increased soil organic matter (SOM), greater soil structure, and improvement of the chemical and biological soil environment for crops. With more SOM, water infiltration and retention improves, providing increased drought tolerance and decreased erosion.</font>$

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Answer 2

Environmental Benefits of Crop Rotation:

• Nitrogen Management

While making nitrogen management decisions, it is very important to understand the relationship between crop rotation and nitrogen. Along with the other benefits of crop rotation, it may impact the rate of nitrogen mineralization or conversion of organic nitrogen to mineral nitrogen by modification of soil temperature, moisture, plant residue, pH and tillage practices

Over the past 50 years, nitrogen has been used in large amounts especially to maximize farming production resulting in an increase in nitrogen within the soil profile of certain farms. Crop rotation plays a key role in reducing the risk of nitrate, leaching into surface and groundwater, by improving the availability of soil nitrogen and reducing the nitrogen fertilizer used.

• Improved Soil Structure

Annual crop rotations cause a drastic difference in the root structure over a period of time. For crops having either tap or fibrous roots, the diversity in the root structure will enhance the chemical, physical and biological structure of the soil.

Soil improvement creates several macro pores and enables new root growth of subsequent crops. Improving soil organic matter and nutrient pools is also a benefit of crop rotation that results in better soil structure and increased water-holding capacity of the soil.

• Reduced Soil Erosion

Improvement in soil tilth and microbial communities will help bring down soil erosion due to more stable soil structure, enhanced water infiltration and minimized surface runoff.

• Improvement in Pest and Disease Control

The diversification of cropping sequences takes away the host organism and causes a disruption in the annual life cycle of insects, diseases and weeds. For instance, anthracnose and nematodes are susceptible to crop rotation. This results in better soil fertility and carbon storage.

• Reduced Greenhouse Gas Emissions

By implementing crop rotation, the use of nitrogen fertilizer is drastically reduced considerably lowering greenhouse gas emissions. The global warming potential of nitrous oxide is much higher than that of carbon dioxide. Reduced synthetic fertilizer also means reduced greenhouse gas emissions from manufacture and transportation.

• Reduced Water Pollution

By reducing the amount of synthetic fertilizers, water pollution caused by nitrogen will be considerably reduced. Diversified rotations with high share of crops and lesser dependence on pesticides bring down the use of pesticides as well as run off into groundwater.

• Increased Ability to Store Carbon

Crop rotation practices can result in increased soil carbon content through high crop cover periods, reduced frequency and tillage intensity. Increase in the use of forages in crop rotations can result in better crop residue management while higher soil-carbon content helps combat climate change.

• Green Manure Cover Crops

The main aim of planting green manure cover crops (GMCC) are for the purpose of providing nitrogen, cover and for smothering weeds. They are normally cut down before they reach maturity.

They can be planted as relay crops, inter crops or sole crops. The benefits of GMCCs are efficient weed control, additional biomass when no other crop can grow and nitrogen fixation in case leguminous crops are used. Different GMCCs have varied strengths in nitrogen fixation and weed control.

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