What are the effects of growing opium in fields
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Opium (poppy tears, with the scientific name: Lachryma papaveris) is the dried latex obtained from the opium poppy (scientific name: Papaver somniferum).[5] Approximately 12 percent of the opium latex is made up of the analgesic alkaloid morphine, which is processed chemically to produce heroin and other synthetic opioids for medicinal use and for illegal drug trade. The latex also contains the closely related opiates codeine and thebaine, and non-analgesic alkaloids such as papaverine and noscapine. The traditional, labor-intensive method of obtaining the latex is to scratch ("score") the immature seed pods (fruits) by hand; the latex leaks out and dries to a sticky yellowish residue that is later scraped off and dehydrated. The word "meconium" (derived from the Greek for "opium-like", but now used to refer to infant stools) historically referred to related, weaker preparations made from other parts of the opium poppy or different species of poppies.
As the power of the Roman Empire declined, the lands to the south and east of the Mediterranean Sea became incorporated into the Islamic Empires. Some Muslims believe hadiths, such as in Sahih Bukhari, prohibits every intoxicating substance, though the use of intoxicants in medicine has been widely permitted by scholars.[18] Dioscorides' five-volume De Materia Medica, the precursor of pharmacopoeias, remained in use (with some improvements in Arabic versions[19]) from the 1st to 16th centuries, and described opium and the wide range of its uses prevalent in the ancient world.[20]
Between 400 and 1200 CE, Arab traders introduced opium to China, and to India by 700.[21][1][15][22] The Persian physician Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi ("Rhazes", 845–930 CE) maintained a laboratory and school in Baghdad, and was a student and critic of Galen; he made use of opium in anesthesia and recommended its use for the treatment of melancholy in Fi ma-la-yahdara al-tabib, "In the Absence of a Physician", a home medical manual directed toward ordinary citizens for self-treatment if a doctor was not available.
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Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) is an important plant grown for opium extraction from its capsules. At present legal cultivation of opium poppy is going on in the three adjoining states of India viz. Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan. In general, the germination of seeds of this crop is very good (80-95%) under laboratory conditions. Germination is poor under field conditions and farmers use higher quantity of seeds to establish normal plant populations. Therefore, there is a need to develop ideal field practices to improve the germination and reduce seed rate under commercial cultivation. A field experiment was conducted in November 2007 to evaluate the effect of two moisture regimes: sowing of opium poppy seed at 60% available soil moisture after applying presowing irrigation (I1) and sowing of opium poppy seeds in dry seed bed followed by irrigation (I2) with five field practices: sowing of seeds on soil surface (P1), sowing of seeds in 2.5 cm deep furrows and covered with soil (P2), sowing of seed in 2.5 cm deep furrows and kept open (P3), sowing of seeds in 5.0 cm deep furrows and covered with soil (P4) and sowing of seed in 5.0 cm deep furrows and kept open(P5). The seeds of cultivar ‘Sampada’ having 94 and 57% germination under laboratory and earthen pot conditions, respectively were used for these studies. The soil of experimental site was sandy loam in texture. As a result of the field experiment maximum germination percentage and plant stand (59%) was recorded in treatment combination I1P2. The next best treatment with respect of germination percent and plant stand was I2P1 where germination was recorded as 35%. Results of these studies suggest that opium poppy should be shown at 60% available soil moisture in 2.5 cm deep furrows and furrows should be covered with soil in order to obtain higher germination rates and plant stand under field condition.