Question

What are the exceptional properties of metals and nonmetals

Answer 1

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PHYSICAL PROPERITES OF METALS:-

1. Generally metals are hard.

Exception – sodium and potassium. It is so soft that it can cut with a knife.

2. Metals are found in solid state exception – mercury exists in liquid state.

3. The boiling point and melting point of metals are high.

Exception – sodium and potassium. Gallium cesium

4. Its density is high.

Exception – sodium and potassium.

5. It is sonorous.

Exception – Mercury

SONOSITY:-When a metal is beaten it produces sound, this property of metal is called its sonority.

6. It is malleable.

Exception – Mercury

MALLEABILITY:-

A metal can be changed into a thin sheet by hammering this property of metal is called malleability.

-          Aluminum is the best malleable metal.

7. It is ductile.

Exception – mercury.

DUCTILITY

            A metal can be changed into a thin wire this property of metal is called ductility.

-          Gold and silver are the best ductile metal.

. It a good conductor of heat.

-   

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS

            What happens when metals are burnt in air?

-          Almost all metals combine with oxygen to form metal oxide.

METAL + OXYGEN – METALOXIDE

e.g. 2Na + O2 – 2NaO

2Cu + O2 – 2CuO (a black oxide)

4Al + 3O2 – 2Al2O3

-          Generally, metal oxides are basic in nature. But some metal oxides are both acidic as well as basic in nature.

-          Such metal oxides which react with both acids as well as bases to produce salts and water are known as amphoteric oxides.

e.g. AL2O3 + 6HCl – 2AlCl3 + 3H2O

Al2O3 + 2NaOH – 2NaALO2 + H2O

 

(Sodium aluminate)

-          Most metal oxides are insoluble in water but some of these dissolve in water to form alkalis.

e.g. Na2O(s) + H2O(l) – 2NaOH(aq)

K2O(s) + H2(l) – 2KOH(aq)

-          physical properties of non metals..

Now, let us glance through some physical properties of non-metals. Physical properties alone are not good for distinguishing non-metals due to exceptions in almost every physical property. Later, we shall study in more detail chemical properties, which is the best way to differentiate between metals and non-metals.

State of existence: Non-metals usually exist in the three states of matter. However, most of them exist in gaseous form. Non-metals like nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, argon, neon, helium, krypton, chlorine, and fluorine are the ones which constitute the air in our surroundings.

Hardness: Out of all the non-metals, only solids are expected to be hard. Sulphur and phosphorus are quite soft, but diamond is very hard. Diamond is also probably the hardest substance presently known

Lustre: Non-metals usually have no shine since they have no loosely attached electrons which are responsible for lustre. However, there are exceptions. Out of the non-metals, Diamond and iodine have lustrous nature.



Lustrous Iodine: An exception for Lustre

Electrical and Thermal Conductivity:Non-metals, in general, are quite poor conductors of heat and electricity. Graphite is an exception here.In fact, it is a very good conductor of electricity.

Malleability: Non-metals cannot be beaten into thin sheets in the way that metals can. There is a weak force of attraction. As a result, they are quite brittle. Sulphur is a brittle element. If it is hammered, it would break into pieces.


Ductility: Non-metals cannot be drawn into thin wires. They would break, whether being beaten into thin sheets or drawn into wires.

Sonorosity: Non-metals are not sonorous. They produce no ringing sound when struck on their surface.

Chemical Properties of non metals...

Reaction with Oxygen: In the presence of oxygen, when non-metals are heated they react and form non-metal oxides. These oxides are generally acidic in nature. In general, they react in the following manner:

Reaction with Acids: Non-metals, being electronegative, do not react with dilute acids as they cannot displace hydrogen easily. However, they react with concentrated acids when they are heated. Here's the general formula:


However, the salt may not necessarily be formed in all the cases.

Reaction with Chlorine: Non-metals react with chlorine atoms upon heating to form their respective chlorides. Sulphur  and phosphorus  react in this way. Let's have a look at some reactions to have a better idea of this.

Reaction with hydrogen: Non-metals form their respective hydrides when they react with hydrogen. These hydrides are non-electrolytic and exist as gases at room temperature. This is the general formula:
Reaction with Salt Solutions: This type of reaction is similar to the one we discussed in the chemical properties of metals. Here again, the reactions involve the reactivity series. A non-metal which is higher in the series can displace a non-metal from it's salt which is lower than it. Here's the general formula:

provided that the reactivity of Metal A is greater than the reactivity of Metal B.

Answer 2

The metals list which makes up the periodic table includes iron, lead, gold, aluminum, platinum, uranium, zinc, lithium, sodium, tin, silver, etc. The nonmetals list which makes up the periodic table includes hydrogen, helium, carbon, sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, radon, neon, other halogens, and noble gases etc.2