What are the four stages of mitosis? Explain each.
Answers
1.Prophase
The first and longest phase of mitosis is prophase. During prophase, chromatin condenses into chromosomes, and the nuclear envelope, or membrane, breaks down. In animal cells, the centrioles near the nucleus begin to separate and move to opposite poles (sides) of the cell. As the centrioles move, a spindle starts to form between them. The spindle, shown in Figure below, consists of fibers made of microtubules.
2.Metaphase
During metaphase, spindle fibers attach to the centromere of each pair of sister chromatids (see Figure below). The sister chromatids line up at the equator, or center, of the cell. This is also known as the metaphase plate. The spindle fibers ensure that sister chromatids will separate and go to different daughter cells when the cell divides.
3.Anaphase
During anaphase, sister chromatids separate and the centromeres divide. The sister chromatids are pulled apart by the shortening of the spindle fibers. This is like reeling in a fish by shortening the fishing line. One sister chromatid moves to one pole of the cell, and the other sister chromatid moves to the opposite pole. At the end of anaphase, each pole of the cell has a complete set of chromosomes.
4.Telophase
During telophase, the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form chromatin. This prepares the genetic material for directing the metabolic activities of the new cells. The spindle also breaks down, and new nuclear membranes (nuclear envelope) form.
5.Cytokinesis
Cytokinesis is the final stage of cell division in eukaryotes as well as prokaryotes. During cytokinesis, the cytoplasm splits in two and the cell divides. Cytokinesis occurs somewhat differently in plant and animal cells, as shown in Figure below. In animal cells, the plasma membrane of the parent cell pinches inward along the cell’s equator until two daughter cells form. In plant cells, a cell plate forms along the equator of the parent cell. Then, a new plasma membrane and cell wall form along each side of the cell plate.
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Answer:
Mitosis is the cell division by which a single cell divides in such a way as to produce two genetically identical “daughter cells”.
Mitosis is the type of cell division wherein the chromosomes replicate and get equally distributed into two daughter cells. The chromosome in each daughter cell is equal to that in the parent cell, i.e., diploid. Hence, mitosis is also called equational division.
Explanation:
The stages of Mitosis are:
Prophase – The chromosomes are shortened and thickened inside the parent cell .
Metaphase – Chromosomes are lined up at mid of the cell.
Anaphase – Chromatids break apart at the centromere and move towards opposite poles.
Telophase – Two nuclei formed after nuclear envelopes reform around each cluster of chromosomes.
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