Question

what are the four steps that involved in respiration

Answer 1

During cellular respiration, a glucose molecule is gradually broken down into carbon dioxide and water. Along the way, some ATP is produced directly in the reactions that transform glucose. Much more ATP, however, is produced later in a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Oxidative phosphorylation is powered by the movement of electrons through the electron transport chain, a series of proteins embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.

These electrons come originally from glucose and are shuttled to the electron transport chain by electron carriers \text{NAD}^+NAD+ and \text{FAD}FAD, which become \text{NADH}NADH and \text{FADH}_2FADH2​ when they gain electrons. To be clear, this is what's happening in the diagram above when it says ++ \text {NADH}NADH or ++\text{FADH}_2FADH2​. The molecule isn't appearing from scratch, it's just being converted to its electron-carrying form:

\text {NAD}^+NAD+ ++2 e^-2e− ++ 2 \text H^+2H+\rightarrow→\text {NADH}NADH ++\text H^+H+

\text {FAD}FAD ++ 2e^-2e− ++2 \text H^+2H+ \rightarrow→



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