what are the function of organometalics in synthesis
Answers
Explanation:
Organometallic Synthesis represents a remarkably broad scope of use in synthetic organic chemistry. In the simplest sense, Organometallic Synthesis, or Organometallic Chemistry, refers to the process of creating organometallic compounds. Organometallic Synthesis is among the most actively researched areas in chemistry and important in the fields of organic, inorganic, biochemical and catalytic chemistry. This arises from the use of organometallic reagents in the synthesis of an enormous number of commercial compounds, widely used in the pharmaceutical, polymer, and petrochemical industries.
The classic definition of an organometallic chemistry is a molecule that contains a metal atom bonded to a carbon atom. Compounds with, for example, metal-nitrogen, metal-oxygen, metal-phosphorus bonds are defined as coordination complexes, but are often described as organometallic. Organometallic compounds may contain group 1 alkali, group 2 alkali earth, group 3-12 transition, and 13-15 main group elements, as well as metalloids, such as boron and silicon. The large array of elements that can form organometallic compounds result in vast research in procedures for organometallic synthesis. There are also research efforts in the use of organometallic reagents in the synthesis of ever-more complex and tailored organic compound, for which organometallic reagents drive specific bonding and/or catalyze reactions.
How are Organometallic Compounds Synthesized?
There are numerous other ways to synthesize organometallics:
One of the most used methods to synthesize an organometallic compound is to react the pure metal with specific organic molecules. Examples of this type of synthesis are two of the most frequently used organometallic reagents, organolithium and organomagnesium, for which the metal is reacted with an alkyl- or aryl-halide to form the desired reagent.
In double-decomposition reactions, metal halides exchange with alkylating reagents to yield the organometallic reagent. Carbon monoxide reacts with transition metals to form metal carbonyls.
Decarbonylation of a metallo-organic will produce an organometallic compound.
Hydrometalation is a synthesis method in which a molecule with a metal -hydrogen bond reacts with an organic molecule containing a double bond, forming a organometallic with a metal-carbon bond.
Various addition and elimination reactions form organometallic compounds from metallo-organic molecules. Choosing the optimal synthesis method is often informed by inline analytical techniques to ensure safe and efficient process development.
Organometallic Reagents Used in Synthesis
Organometallic reagents are frequently used to synthesize organic molecules since they drive specific bonding and/or catalyze reactions. Some of these reactions are difficult or impractical to carry out by other means. In most organic compounds, carbon atoms tend to be electrophilic, but in organometallic compounds, because the metal atom is typically less electronegative than the carbon it is attached to, the carbon acts as a nucleophile of varying strength. When a strongly electronegative metal is involved, the charge distribution is such that the compound is more ionic in nature and can be strongly reactive. For example, in organolithium compounds the C-Li bond is more ionic and the C is more negatively polarized. The bonds in organolithium compounds are more strongly polarized than in their organomagnesium analogs (Grignard reagents), making organolithium a stronger nucleophile and more reactive compared to the Grignard. Both organomagnesium and organolithium reagents are strong bases for deprotonation and readily form C-C bonds as well as drive many other organic reactions.
Organometallic compounds are widely used is catalytic chemistry. A classic example is the use of chlorotris (triphenylphosphine) rhodium to reduce alkenes and alkynes without affecting other functional groups in a molecule. Another family of organometallic based catalysts with Josiphos diphosphine ligands, are used for enantioselective hydrogenation reactions. Hydrogenation and hydroformylation reactions are all industrially important reactions that are catalyzed by various organorhodium or organocobalt compounds. Polymerizations are performed using catalysts such as Ziegler-Natta compounds, which are two-part catalysts often containing Ti and Al that polymerize olefins.
Examples of Organometallic Compounds
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