Question

what are the indirect effects of parasites on the host

Answer 1

Answer:

A parasite can have a positive indirect effect on a nonhost that competes with the host for resources, by reducing the host's population density (a density-mediated indirect effect) or by reducing its competitive ability, for example by reduc- ing its growth or foraging rates (a trait-mediated indirect effect).

plz mark as 5 stars and follw me for more answers.