What are the laws of mendel and explain eachof these laws.
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When traits are passed from one generation to another they follow principles of genetic inheritance that were first defined by Gregor Mendel, a monk and scientist who worked in the mid-nineteenth century. Mendel's studies yielded three "laws" of inheritance: the law of dominance, the law of segregation, and the law of independent assortment. Each of these can be understood through examining the process of meiosis
Meiosis
When a cell duplicates its DNA and divides twice to produce four gametes, or reproductive cells, the process is called meiosis. Most cells in the body are diploid, meaning they have two copies of each chromosome. But because gametes have gone through meiosis, they have one copy of each chromosome and are haploid. During sexual reproduction two gametes, called the egg and sperm, join together and form a diploid cell that will eventually become an individual organism. This diploid cell, called a zygote, received one copy of each chromosome from each parent. The appearance, or phenotype, of the new individual will depend on whether it inherited recessive or dominant copies of various alleles from its parents. Variant copies of genes are called alleles, and since plants and animals are diploid they have two alleles for each gene.
The Law of Dominance
A dominant trait is a trait whose appearance will always be seen in offspring. In other words, dominance describes the relationship between two alleles. If an individual inherits two different alleles from each of its two parents and the phenotype of only one allele is visible in the offspring, then that allele is said to be dominant. Mendel's law of dominance states that if one parent has two copies of allele A -- the dominant allele -- and the second parent has two copies of allele a-- the recessive allele -- then the offspring will inherit an Aa genotype and display the dominant phenotype.
The Law of Segregation
A parent may have two distinct alleles for a certain gene, each on one copy of a given chromosome. Mendel's second law, the law of segregation, states that these two alleles will be separated from each other during meiosis. Specifically, in the second of the two cell divisions of meiosis the two copies of each chromosome will be separated from each other, causing the two distinct alleles located on those chromosomes to segregate from one another.
The Law of Independent Assortment
Mendel's third law, the law of independent assortment, states that the way an allele pair gets segregated into two daughter cells during the second division of meiosis has no effect on how any other allele pair gets segregated. In other words, the traits inherited through one gene will be inherited independently of the traits inherited through another gene because the genes reside on different chromosomes that are independently assorted into daughter cells during meiosis.
Meiosis
When a cell duplicates its DNA and divides twice to produce four gametes, or reproductive cells, the process is called meiosis. Most cells in the body are diploid, meaning they have two copies of each chromosome. But because gametes have gone through meiosis, they have one copy of each chromosome and are haploid. During sexual reproduction two gametes, called the egg and sperm, join together and form a diploid cell that will eventually become an individual organism. This diploid cell, called a zygote, received one copy of each chromosome from each parent. The appearance, or phenotype, of the new individual will depend on whether it inherited recessive or dominant copies of various alleles from its parents. Variant copies of genes are called alleles, and since plants and animals are diploid they have two alleles for each gene.
The Law of Dominance
A dominant trait is a trait whose appearance will always be seen in offspring. In other words, dominance describes the relationship between two alleles. If an individual inherits two different alleles from each of its two parents and the phenotype of only one allele is visible in the offspring, then that allele is said to be dominant. Mendel's law of dominance states that if one parent has two copies of allele A -- the dominant allele -- and the second parent has two copies of allele a-- the recessive allele -- then the offspring will inherit an Aa genotype and display the dominant phenotype.
The Law of Segregation
A parent may have two distinct alleles for a certain gene, each on one copy of a given chromosome. Mendel's second law, the law of segregation, states that these two alleles will be separated from each other during meiosis. Specifically, in the second of the two cell divisions of meiosis the two copies of each chromosome will be separated from each other, causing the two distinct alleles located on those chromosomes to segregate from one another.
The Law of Independent Assortment
Mendel's third law, the law of independent assortment, states that the way an allele pair gets segregated into two daughter cells during the second division of meiosis has no effect on how any other allele pair gets segregated. In other words, the traits inherited through one gene will be inherited independently of the traits inherited through another gene because the genes reside on different chromosomes that are independently assorted into daughter cells during meiosis.
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1)Law of dominence
2)Law of segregation
Law of dominence
According to the law of dominance, recessive alleles are always masked by dominant alleles. Hence, a cross among a homozygous recessive and a homozygous dominant shows the dominant phenotype by still having a heterozygous genotype. This law could be explained by mono hybrid cross experiment.
Law of segregation
According to the law of segregation, every parent’s pair of genes or alleles divide and a single gene passes from every parent to an offspring. Which particular gene passes on in a pair is entirely up to chance.
Hope it help
1)Law of dominence
2)Law of segregation
Law of dominence
According to the law of dominance, recessive alleles are always masked by dominant alleles. Hence, a cross among a homozygous recessive and a homozygous dominant shows the dominant phenotype by still having a heterozygous genotype. This law could be explained by mono hybrid cross experiment.
Law of segregation
According to the law of segregation, every parent’s pair of genes or alleles divide and a single gene passes from every parent to an offspring. Which particular gene passes on in a pair is entirely up to chance.
Hope it help
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