Question

what are the limitations of Kirchoff's voltage law?

Answer 1

KCL is applicable on the assumption that current flows only in conductors and wires. While in High Frequency circuits where, parasitic capacitance can no longer be ignored. In such cases, Current can flow in an open circuit because in these cases, conductors or wires are acting as transmission lines.
KVL is applicable on the assumption that there is no fluctuating magnetic field linking the closed loop. While, in presence of changing magnetic field in a High Frequency but short wave length AC circuits, the electric field is not a conservative vector field. So, the electric field cannot be the gradient of any potential and the line integral of the electric field around the loop is not zero, directly contradicting KVL. That’s why KVL is not applicable in such a condition.

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