Question

What are the main roles of governments?

Answer 1

The central government has the power to take over the state in matters related to national security (Articles 352 to 360). The Central Government regulates trade and trade affairs between states and foreign trade; It has the power to declare war, raise and maintain the armed forces.

Answer 2

Answer:

Role of the Government Can Broadly Be Divided Into Two Parts:

1. Direct Role:

The government is a social-welfare organisation. It works for the benefits of the common people without making any motive to maximise profit.

Hence, the main agenda of the government is welfare maximisation.

The direct involvement of the government towards the country’s development is summarised below:

(a) Agricultural Growth:

India is an agro-based country. The main occupation of the Indians is agriculture and its allied activities like farming, poultry, cattle rearing, fishing, animal husbandry etc. According to recent statistics, about 67 per cent of the labour force in India is engaged in agriculture. They are producing about 22 per cent of the country’s GDP (Gross Domestic Product).

b) Industrial Growth:

In the Second Five Year plan the Government of India had given huge emphasis on the development of basic and heavy industries like steel, iron, cement, power etc. Although consumer goods industries are growing up properly, but the capital goods industries have lost their momentum. Most of the industries have become sick and weak. To save these situations, in 1991 the Government of India adopted New Industrial Policy.

c) Development of Socio-Economic Infrastructures:

In order to maintain a smooth functioning between agriculture and industrial sectors, a sound socio-economic infrastructure is necessary. Thus, government is investing huge amount money of for the development of overhead capitals like energy, power, transport, communications, education, health, housing etc. Moreover, the government is also giving stress on the development of other tertiary sectors like banking finance, insurance etc.

(d)Maintain Law and Order:

The government or the state plays an important role in maintaining peace law and order within the economy through effective administrative system. The state runs defence, police and court to maintain peace and order both externally and internally.

Social Distributive Justice:

To implement social distributive justice, i.e., to reduce inequalities between rich and poor, the government plays a vital role in an economy. The government takes several measures in this context, such as;

(i) Progressive Taxation:

Here rate of taxation increases along with the increase in income. For example, rich or high income earning people will give more taxes, while poor people will either pay low taxes or no taxes at all.

ii) Economic Subsidy:

The state gives economic subsidies to the poor people for the consumption of necessary goods. Again, it also gives subsidies to the poor farmers for buying their seeds, fertilisers, pesticides etc. during the time of cultivation.

These indirect measures or roles are briefly given below:

(a) Fiscal Policy:

All the government policies related with public revenue and expenditures, i.e., taxes and subsidies, are related with fiscal policies. With the proper implementation of these policies the state tries to raise economic development of the country.

It helps to perform following functions:

(i) To control inflation,

(ii) To increase capital formation,

(iii) To maintain equalities of income and wealth;

(iv) To stabilize market.

(b) Monetary Policy:

The government along with the Central Bank with the help of this policy controls the money market. In India, Reserve Bank of India (RBI) along with all the commercial banks tries to control and regulate the money supply. During the time of inflation, i.e., excessive rise in price level, the government with the help of RBI checks the money supply and credit creation. On the other hand, during deflationary situation money supply increases.

(c) Price Measures:

The main objective of the state is to safeguard the common mass from the exploitation of private entrepreneurs. In this connection, the state sometimes adopts the price measures of essential commodities and services through the policies of price ceiling and price flooring.