What are the major properties of sea water?
Answers
Answer:
Explanation:
Properties of seawater
Sea water is a mixture of 96.5% pure water and 3.5% other material, such as salts, dissolved gases, organic substances, and undissolved particles. Its physical properties are mainly determined by the 96.5% pure water. The physical properties of pure water will therefore be discussed first.
Pure water, when compared with fluids of similar composition, displays most uncommon properties. This is the result of the particular structure of the water molecule H2O: The hydrogen atoms carry one positive charge, the oxygen atom two negative charges, but the atom arrangement in the water molecule is such that the charges are not neutralized (See Figure 3.1; the charges would be neutralized if the angle were 180° rather than 105°).
The major consequences of the molecular structure of pure water are:
The water molecule is an electric dipole, forming aggregations of molecules (polymers), of on average 6 molecules at 20°C. Therefore, water reacts slower to changes than individual molecules; for example the boiling point is shifted from -80°C to 100°C, the freezing point from -110°C to 0°C.
Water has an unusually strong disassociative power, i.e. it splits dissolved material into electrically charged ions (Figure 3.2). As a consequence, dissolved material greatly increases the electrical conductivity of water. The conductivity of pure water is relatively low, but that of sea water is midway between pure water and copper. At 20°C, the resistance of sea water of 3.5% salt content over 1.3 km roughly equals that of pure water over 1 mm.
The angle 105° is close to the angle of a tetrahedron, i.e. a structure with four arms emanating from a centre at equal angles (109° 28´). As a result, oxygen atoms in water try to have four hydrogen atoms attached to them in a tetrahedral arrangement (Figure 3.1). This is called a "hydrogen bond", in contrast to the (ionic) molecular bond and covalent bonding. Hydrogen bonds need a bonding energy 10 to 100 times smaller than molecular bonds, so water is very flexible in its reaction to changing chemical conditions.
Tetrahedrons are of a more wide-meshed nature than the molecular closest packing arrangement. They form aggregates of single, two, four and eight molecules. At high temperatures the one and two molecule aggregates dominate; as the temperature falls the larger clusters begin to dominate (Figure 3.3). The larger clusters occupy less space than the same number of molecules in smaller clusters. As a result, the density of water shows a maximum at 4°C.
Physical properties of most substances show uniform variation with temperature. In contrast, most physical properties of pure water show a minimum at some intermediate temperature. Sound velocity shows a maximum at 74°C (Table 3.1).
1.It is salty.
2.It is complex nature of water.
3.The density of the water changes with salinity.
PLEASE MARK ME AS BRAINLIST