What are the many ways that hardware and software can cause an interrupt to occur?
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The list depends on the processor. They are ordered. For PC-ish processors hardware generates an interrupt on a particular wire (line) that are numbered (IRQ 0 - 31 for some intel processors). Lower number is higher priority.
Different things include system timer, power issues, divide by 0, some reserved for use by cpu testers, serial/parallel/… ports, some device request finished/error/status/new from a device (so hitting a key on a keyboard can generate an interrupt which on old machines was direct),
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