Question

what are the occupation and taxes mentioned by Al-biruni in this description
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Answer 1

Answer:

In 1017 he traveled to the Indian subcontinent. He travelled extensively in various parts of the country, studied the language, religion and philosophy of the Hindus and wrote the classic account of the country and its people in Arabic, entitled Tarikh-ul Hind. He is considered the “founder of Indology“

Answer 2

Al-Biruni had visited India and in his book Tārīkh al-Hind (History of India), he had give description about India's culture, religion, people, kings, politics, economy, occupation, tax system etc

Explanation:

• Al biruni in his writings had mentioned about the "land system & taxation". Al-Biruni had mentioned that the "king" was not the "owner" of the "land". However, he used to collect the "land tax". The king used to take from the peasants "l/6th" of the "produce" as tax, however, the "Brahmins" were "exempted" from this land tax.
• With regard to occupation, Al-Biruni had mentioned that based on the caste system that was prevalent at that time the occupation was decided. People performing any other occupation other than that of their caste were considered sinner and punished accordingly. The caste system was divided into 4 varnas- Brahmanas, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, & Shudras.
• The Brahmins were teachers,  priests, & judges who understood "dharma", and lived apart from the" rest of society" in temples. The Kshatriya worked with king and were mostly warriors and who made day-to-day decisions and helped the king in running the govt. The Vaishyas were skilled merchants & farmers and at times played leadership role in small villages. Sudras were known as unskilled workers & performed menial and hard labour jobs. They often worked as labourers on the farms of higher caste people.

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Who was Al-Biruni?what did he say about the caste system in India ...

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