what are the People's expectation from democracy
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Democracy can mean different things to different people (Dahl, 1998; Diamond, 2003). It is generally accepted that free and fair competitive elections which can be used to hold the government accountable are an essential feature of any democratic system (Schumpeter, 1976). In addition, established European democracies are assumed to be ‘liberal’ democracies based on the rule of law and which guarantee certain rights and freedoms for their citizens such as free expression and the protection of minority groups (Dalton et al., 2007). However, there are other aspects of democracy over which there is more debate. For example, to what extent should democracy be required to achieve certain material outcomes for its citizens? People also hold differing opinions over the public’s role in a representative democracy – i.e. how far policy should be responsive to public opinion and/or whether the public should have a say in important political decisions – and the extent to which there should be a more participatory model of direct democracy (Webb, 2013).
We can use the European Social Survey to identify how far the British public shares a particular liberal democratic view of democracy. We can also assess the extent of public support for other potential features of democracy including the achievement of certain social outcomes or the wider involvement of members of the public in political decision-making. Respondents were asked to say how important they thought different things were “for democracy in general” (original emphasis). (They were told that they would be asked later about their views on how democracy was working in Britain.)[5] They answered using an 11-point scale, where 0 signified that they thought something was “not at all important for democracy in general” and 10 signified they thought it was “extremely important for democracy in general”.
Table 1.2 summarises people’s expectations of what democracy should deliver. In the first column, we show the average (mean) importance assigned to each aspect of democracy (from a maximum score of 10). The second column shows the variance in these averages. This provides a measure of how much agreement there is among the population as to whether or not something is important for democracy: the lower the variance the greater the degree of consensus. The third column shows the percentage of people who consider each aspect as being extremely important for democracy i.e. rate it nine or ten on a 0 to 10 scale. The items in the table have been organised into four groups according to whether they are associated primarily with the electoral component of democracy, principles of liberal democracy, outcomes associated with social democracy or features of a participatory democracy.[6]
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