What are the precautions need to be taken towards behavior changes ?
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Behaviour Change
Behaviour change
Individual health behaviour is an important predictor for a person's susceptibility of chronic diseases [1]. Some risky habits are for example tobacco use, diet or activity patterns [2]. Kasl and Cobb (3) defined health behaviour threefold:
Healthy people become active in order to prevent or detect illness in an asymptomatic state. This is preventive health behavior.
A person who perceive themselves as ill become active to get a diagnosis and treatment. This is illness behavior.
A person affected becomes active in order to manage treatments from medical providers. It is associated with a passive attitude and dependent behaviour. The usual responsibility for one's live is partly released. This is sick-role behavior.
An informed agreement on behavioural changes are the desired goal of health education programs.Health education aims to reduce risky health behaviour and to promote preventive health behaviour as well as cooperation between all parties in the treatment of existing health problems [3].
Health behaviour theories and models aim to understand health behaviour of individuals, groups or communities. They help scientists to ask the right questions and to draw the right conclusions of their results. Models and theories are used to find out which factors health behavior of individuals determines. The audience for health education can be categorised to sociodemographic classes, ethnic or racial backgrounds, age-group or health-status. Each group may have its own behavioural determinants. This must be taken into account when implementing research results in clinical practice [4].
Davis et al. [5] found 59 theories related to health or health behaviour in 276 Articles and 23 additional theories in an extended search area, formed through an advisory group.
Here will be six models mentioned:
The Health Belief Model (HBM)
Theory of Planned Action (TRA)
Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB)
Integrated Behavioural Model (IBM)
Trans-theoretical Model/Stages of Change Model
Precaution Adoption Process Model (PAPM)
The theory of Planned Behaviour/Reasoned Action was mentioned in 36 articles. The Trans-theoretical Model/Stages of Change Model was mentioned in 91 articles. The Integrative Model of Behavioural Prediction was mentioned in 2 articles and the Health Belief Model was mentioned in 9 articles. The Precaution Adoption Process Model was mentioned 1 time [5].
Taylor et al. [6] notice that the TRA and TPB are mathematically refined and defined compared to HBM or TTM. This promotes consistency of use. HBM was most used in medical prevention issues, like vaccination. TRA and TPB were often used in exercise intentions and behaviour studies, among other areas. TTM was often used in smoking cessation intervention studies, but in exercise and activity promotion, too.
Explanation:
Based on more than 15 years of research, the TTM has found that individuals move through a series of five stages (precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance) in the adoption of healthy behaviors or cessation of unhealthy ones