What are the primary meteorological parameters and secondary meteorological parameteres?
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Measured Parameters of Meteorology
Meteorological measurements for weather forecasting and climatology have been carried out on a regular basis for centuries. However, the data acquired can only be evaluated and interpreted after having statistically recorded medium-term and long-term atmospheric conditions.
Nowadays, transport and communications such as ground, air and sea traffic could not be maintained without these data, which are mainly being collected from measurements and observations in the atmosphere close to the ground (the Boundary Layer). The main meteorological parameters in this field are:
· Wind speed and direction
· Air temperature
· Air pressure
· Air humidity
· Precipitation
· Haze and contents of the air
· Solar and terrestrial radiation
These parameters are also significant for such issues as air pollution, avalanche warning, sun simulation, renewable energy industry, agriculture, forestry, water supply and distribution, town and regional planning. For example, the evaluation and interpretation of gas emission measurements is only possible in comparison with meteorological data acquired concurrently.
The structure of the atmosphere close to the ground is extremely important for the local climate. Knowing the solar radiation as well as the air humidity and air temperature is necessary to evaluate chemical reactions of pollutants in the air.
All meteorological parameters are subject to short-term variations, normally caused by turbulences within the atmosphere. All meteorological parameters are influenced by solar radiation, directly or indirectly, and this results in typical daily or yearly trends.
In order to be able to evaluate these typical trends it is necessary to compute the mean values from the actual ones measured over a specific period. For some meteorological parameters it is quite easy to understand their daily cycle. For example, the temperature cycle is normally a simple curve with a minimum value shortly after sunrise and a maximum in the early afternoon. The yearly cycle of a meteorological parameter can be determined by making daily measurements. The average yearly cycle within a climatic region is normally determined by making measurements over a minimum of 30 years.
Of course, meteorological measurements have to be made outside. This means that the sensors and associated electronics must be designed to withstand the local climatic conditions, which may be extreme, from deserts to Antarctica.
Within the atmosphere close to the ground the temporal and spatial characteristics of radiation values are influenced by the characteristics of the ground surface. The most influential factors affecting the received radiation at any particular location are:
· Location on the earth
· Date and time
· Precipitation (cloud, fog, rain, snow)
· Constriction of the horizon (field of view)
· Air pollution (aerosols and gasses)
· Albedo
Due to the physical effects mentioned above it is sometimes not sufficient for many application fields to just measure the ‘Global Radiation’ coming from all around the measurement location. It may also be necessary to measure the ‘Direct Radiation’ coming only from the sun and/or the ‘Diffuse Radiation’ (not coming directly from the sun). The ‘Radiation Balance’ of incoming to outgoing radiation in the short-wave and long-wave may also be required.
Meteorological measurements for weather forecasting and climatology have been carried out on a regular basis for centuries. However, the data acquired can only be evaluated and interpreted after having statistically recorded medium-term and long-term atmospheric conditions.
Nowadays, transport and communications such as ground, air and sea traffic could not be maintained without these data, which are mainly being collected from measurements and observations in the atmosphere close to the ground (the Boundary Layer). The main meteorological parameters in this field are:
· Wind speed and direction
· Air temperature
· Air pressure
· Air humidity
· Precipitation
· Haze and contents of the air
· Solar and terrestrial radiation
These parameters are also significant for such issues as air pollution, avalanche warning, sun simulation, renewable energy industry, agriculture, forestry, water supply and distribution, town and regional planning. For example, the evaluation and interpretation of gas emission measurements is only possible in comparison with meteorological data acquired concurrently.
The structure of the atmosphere close to the ground is extremely important for the local climate. Knowing the solar radiation as well as the air humidity and air temperature is necessary to evaluate chemical reactions of pollutants in the air.
All meteorological parameters are subject to short-term variations, normally caused by turbulences within the atmosphere. All meteorological parameters are influenced by solar radiation, directly or indirectly, and this results in typical daily or yearly trends.
In order to be able to evaluate these typical trends it is necessary to compute the mean values from the actual ones measured over a specific period. For some meteorological parameters it is quite easy to understand their daily cycle. For example, the temperature cycle is normally a simple curve with a minimum value shortly after sunrise and a maximum in the early afternoon. The yearly cycle of a meteorological parameter can be determined by making daily measurements. The average yearly cycle within a climatic region is normally determined by making measurements over a minimum of 30 years.
Of course, meteorological measurements have to be made outside. This means that the sensors and associated electronics must be designed to withstand the local climatic conditions, which may be extreme, from deserts to Antarctica.
Within the atmosphere close to the ground the temporal and spatial characteristics of radiation values are influenced by the characteristics of the ground surface. The most influential factors affecting the received radiation at any particular location are:
· Location on the earth
· Date and time
· Precipitation (cloud, fog, rain, snow)
· Constriction of the horizon (field of view)
· Air pollution (aerosols and gasses)
· Albedo
Due to the physical effects mentioned above it is sometimes not sufficient for many application fields to just measure the ‘Global Radiation’ coming from all around the measurement location. It may also be necessary to measure the ‘Direct Radiation’ coming only from the sun and/or the ‘Diffuse Radiation’ (not coming directly from the sun). The ‘Radiation Balance’ of incoming to outgoing radiation in the short-wave and long-wave may also be required.
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Answer:
Primary parameters :
- Wind direction and speed
- Temperature
- Atmospheric stability
- Mixing height
Secondary parameters :
- Precipitation
- Humidity
- Solar radiation
Meteorology is a branch of atmospheric sciences that specializes in weather forecasting. Meteorology has been studied for millennia, but significant progress did not occur until the 18th century.
Meteorological phenomena are observable weather events that are explained by meteorology science.
Meteorological phenomena are described and quantified by Earth's atmosphere variables: temperature, air pressure, water vapour, mass flow, and the variations and interactions of these variables, as well as how they change over time.
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