what are the problems related to early smelting process history class11
Answers
Smelting is a form of extractive metallurgy to produce a metal from its ore. Smelting uses heat and a chemical reducing agent to decompose the ore, driving off other elements as gasses or slag and leaving just the metal behind. The reducing agent is commonly a source of carbon such as coke, charcoal, and coal. The modern SR technologies aim at direct use of noncoking coal and therefore overcome the reliance of the existing BF ironmaking route on coking coal and prepared raw materials, which has attracted serious environmental concerns.
The SR processes that are commercially exploited or in development include COREX®, HISMELT, DIOS, AISI-DOE/CCF, and ROMELT. These processes differ in the number of reactors and the ore feed used (pellets, lump ore, or fines). For example, reduction and melting occur in two stages in two different vessels in COREX®, while in HISMELT, reduction and melting take place in the same vessel. COREX® is the key variant of the SR processes currently operating on a commercial basis. Therefore, the following discussion focuses mainly on the COREX® process.
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