what are the reason and result of all anglo maratha war ? describe in 150 words
Answers
Answer:
First Anglo Maratha War 1779
The Maratha force was joined by Mahadji Shinde, the “most celebrated & Brave Maratha” after Shivaji. The combined Maratha forces fought with the forces of the British and Raghunath Rao at Wadgaon.
4 days later on January 16, the British signed a treaty of Wadgaon as per the terms of the Marathas. As per this treaty, the British relinquished all the territories acquired by the East India Company in Western India since 1773 and promised to pay Rs. 41 thousand as indemnity to Mahadji Scindia. Raghunathrao was captured and imprisoned.
But this Treaty of Wadgaon was held invalid by Warren Hastings, who quoted that the Presidency of Bombay had no legal power to sign such treaty.
The Calcutta Presidency sent another force which harassed Mahadji at Sipri.
Accordingly a new treaty called “Treaty of Salbai” was signed between the British and the Marathas.
REASON FOR FIRST ANGLO MARATHA WAR:
The first Anglo-Maratha War triggered off because the English got themselves involved in the domestic affairs of the Marathas with the motive of deriving certain privileges.
After the third battle of Panipath, the Marathas sought to unite themselves under the leadership of Nana Phadnavis around Peshwa Madhav Rao II.
But one Raghunath Rao claimed for himself the office of the Peshwa and appealed to the English for help: The English, who espoused the cause of Raghunath Rao, thus got involved in a war with the Marathas (1775).
Initially, the English suffered reverses and were compelled to sign the convention of Wadgaon (1779). The matter worsened for the English when the Nizam and Haidar Ali also declared war against them.
In the teeth of the crisis Warren Hastings acted with sagacity. He saved the situation for the English by alienating the belligerent parties from one another.
Second Anglo Maratha war 1803-1805
The war started when deposed Peshwa Baji Rao II, entered Poona with the British Forces in May 1803. British attacked from North under General Lake and from South under Arthur Wellesley, brother of the Governor General. The fighting started from Gujarat, Bundelkhand, Orissa engaging all Maratha chiefs in their homes but not let them “reunite“. The war prolonged two years and several treaties were signed by the Maratha rulers with the Peshwa and the British. The result of these different treaties was that the “Divided Marathas” paid the price to the “United” British.
REASON FOR 2ND AND 3RD ANGLO MARATHA WARS:
In 1798 Lord Wellesley after his arrival to India wanted Marathas to sign the Subsidiary Alliance Systen but they refused to do this. In 1802Baji Rao II killed Bithuji Holkar, the younger brother of Jaswant Rao Holkar. At this Jaswant Rao Holkar attacked on Baji Rao II who was in Pune at that time. Holkar captured Pune but Baji Rao managed to escape from there and he made a treaty with Lord Wellesley known as " The Treaty of Basain (1802)". This national humiliation was too much for maratha chiefs and they said that they would not surrender the great tradition of independence without struggle. Thus they declared war against the British Company but they were defeated by the company and later on they all signed on Subsidiary Alliance System with Wellesley.
Explanation:
Answer:
At the end of the war, all of the Maratha powers had surrendered to the British. Shinde and the Afghan Amir Khan were subdued by the use of diplomacy and pressure, which resulted in the Treaty of Gwailor on 5 November 1817. Under this treaty, Shinde surrendered Rajasthan to the British and agreed to help them fight the Pindaris. Amir Khan agreed to sell his guns to the British and received a land grant at Tonk in Rajputana. Holkar was defeated on 21 December 1817 and signed the Treaty of Mandeswar on 6 January 1818. Under this treaty the Holkar state became subsidiary to the British. The young Malhar Rao was raised to the throne. Bhonsle was defeated on 26 November 1817 and was captured but he escaped to live out his life in Jodhpur The Peshwa surrendered on 3 June 1818 and was sent off to Bithur near Kanpur under the terms of the treaty signed on 3 June 1818 Of the Pindari leaders, Karim Khan surrendered to Malcolm in February 1818; Wasim Mohammad surrendered to Shinde and eventually poisoned himself; and Setu was killed by a tiger
The war left the British, under the auspices of the British East India Company, in control of virtually all of present-day India south of the Sutlej River. The famed Nassak Diamond was acquired by the Company as part of the spoils of the war.The British acquired large chunks of territory from the Maratha Empire and in effect put an end to their most dynamic opposition. The terms of surrender Malcolm offered to the Peshwa were controversial amongst the British for being too liberal: The Peshwa was offered a luxurious life near Kanpur and given a pension of about 80,000 pounds. A comparison was drawn with Napoleon, who was confined to a small rock in the south Atlantic and given a small sum for his maintenance. Trimbakji Dengale was captured after the war and was sent to the fortress of Chunarin Bengal where he spent the rest of his life. With all active resistance over, John Malcolm played a prominent part in capturing and pacifying the remaining fugitives.
The Peshwa's territories were absorbed into the Bombay Presidency and the territory seized from the Pindaris became the Central Provinces of British India. The princes of Rajputana became symbolic feudal lords who accepted the British as the paramount power. Thus Francis Rawdon-Hastings redrew the map of India to a state which remained more or less unaltered until the time of Lord Dalhousie.The British brought an obscure descendant of Shivaji, the founder of the Maratha Empire, to be the ceremonial head of the Maratha Confederacy to replace the seat of the Peshwa. An infant from the Holkar family was appointed as the ruler of Nagpur under British guardianship. The Peshwa adopted a son, Nana Sahib, who went on to be one of the leaders of the Rebellion of 1857.After 1818, Montstuart Elphinstone reorganized the administrative divisions for revenue collection, thus reducing the importance of the Patil, the Deshmukh, and the Deshpande. The new government felt a need to communicate with the local Marathi-speaking population; Elphinstone pursued a policy of planned standardization of the Marathi language in the Bombay Presidency starting after 1820.