What are the reasonns for the spreading of nationalism in europe?
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European nationalism, in its modern sense, was born out of the desire of a community to assert its unity and independence. In the 19th century there began a determined struggle to realise nationalist aspirations. The French Revolution had inspired people all over Europe. It spread the ideas of liberty, equality and fraternity and generated the spirit of nationalism. Napoleon, though he established a monarchy in France, carried forward the revolutionary ideals of equality and nationalism.
Napoleon’s empire gave to Europe a form of unity, even though it was imposed by him through conquests. A new concept emerged which bound people together with a sense of belonging and unity. Nations began to be formed by those who shared a common tradition and common territory.
Between 1830 and 1848, a number of revolutions broke out. Though most of them failed, a few of these revolutions succeeded. Belgium rose in revolt against the union with Holland and the consequent Dutch domination.
The struggle for independence began in 1821. By the Treaty of Adrianople (1829) Turkey recognised the independence of Greece. The republic that was set up in Greece was replaced by a monarchy in 1832. The independence of Greece was an incident of great significance. It provided the first example of the victory of nationalism since the downfall of Napoleon.
The Austrian Empire was composed of a number of kingdoms inhabited by different races, speaking different languages and having different cultures. There were the Germans in Austria, the Czechs in Bohemia, the Magyars in Hungary, the Poles in Galicia, the Italians in Lombardy and Venice and the Slavs in south-east Austria. All these peoples had become conscious of their national unity and had developed national aspirations.
Revolts had broken out in France in 1830 and 1848. The Revolt of 1848 ushered in a period of widespread revolts throughout the Austrian Empire. The Magyars of Hungary and the Slavs of Bohemia clamoured for national autonomy and constitutional government.
Finally in 1867 Hungary was recognised as an independent kingdom. A nationalist movement had also started in Prague. There the Czechs rose in a nationalist revolt demanding self-government for their kingdom. Austrian Emperor was forced to recognise the Czech Government. Though temporarily successful, most of these movements within the Austrian Empire ultimately ended in disaster.
The Triumph of Nationalism in Europe:
Unification of Italy:
After the downfall of Napoleon in 1815, the Congress of Vienna met mainly to redistribute the territories occupied by the French. The makers of the Vienna Settlement tried to prevent the spread of the ideas of democracy and nationalism. Despite their efforts, liberal ideas were gaining ground.
Italy had been divided into small kingdoms and principalities. Napoleon, through his conquests, brought the country under a single administrative unit. The Italians imbibed the revolutionary ideals of liberty and nationalism and became conscious of the need for their own national integration.
The fall of Napoleon again led to the disintegration of Italy. Austria got back Lombardy and Venetia, the Pope controlled Rome and Central Italy, Naples and Sicily were restored to the Bourbon family, Modena, Parma and Tuscany became independent duchies and kingdoms of Sardinia-Piedmont, Genoa and Savoy came under King Victor Emmanuel II. Thus Italy was reduced to a mere “geographical expression”.
In Italy, already a movement was going on for liberating these countries and uniting them into one State. Giuseppe Mazzini, who organised the ‘Young Italy’ movement, roused the enthusiasm of the Italians and kept alive the flame of nationalism.
In 1848, as in other parts of Europe, a revolutionary uprising started in Italy. But the struggle ended in failure. After 1848, the Sardinian King’s able Prime Minister, Count di Cavour, took the initiative of uniting Italy under Victor Emmanuel II.
The failure of the movement of 1848 made it clear to Cavour that Italian unification could be accomplished only with the assistance of strong powers like Austria and France. Cavour secured the goodwill of France when the Sardinian army joined the Crimean War in support of France.
With the support of France (under Napoleon III), Cavour fought with Austria (1859). Austria was ousted from Lombardy which was annexed to Sardinia. At this stage, the central Italian states, Parma, Modena and Tuscany, joined Sardinia Piedmont under Victor Emmanuel.
Mark me brainliest if you seem this answer helpful.
European nationalism, in its modern sense, was born out of the desire of a community to assert its unity and independence. In the 19th century there began a determined struggle to realise nationalist aspirations. The French Revolution had inspired people all over Europe. It spread the ideas of liberty, equality and fraternity and generated the spirit of nationalism. Napoleon, though he established a monarchy in France, carried forward the revolutionary ideals of equality and nationalism.
Napoleon’s empire gave to Europe a form of unity, even though it was imposed by him through conquests. A new concept emerged which bound people together with a sense of belonging and unity. Nations began to be formed by those who shared a common tradition and common territory.
Between 1830 and 1848, a number of revolutions broke out. Though most of them failed, a few of these revolutions succeeded. Belgium rose in revolt against the union with Holland and the consequent Dutch domination.
The struggle for independence began in 1821. By the Treaty of Adrianople (1829) Turkey recognised the independence of Greece. The republic that was set up in Greece was replaced by a monarchy in 1832. The independence of Greece was an incident of great significance. It provided the first example of the victory of nationalism since the downfall of Napoleon.
The Austrian Empire was composed of a number of kingdoms inhabited by different races, speaking different languages and having different cultures. There were the Germans in Austria, the Czechs in Bohemia, the Magyars in Hungary, the Poles in Galicia, the Italians in Lombardy and Venice and the Slavs in south-east Austria. All these peoples had become conscious of their national unity and had developed national aspirations.
Revolts had broken out in France in 1830 and 1848. The Revolt of 1848 ushered in a period of widespread revolts throughout the Austrian Empire. The Magyars of Hungary and the Slavs of Bohemia clamoured for national autonomy and constitutional government.
Finally in 1867 Hungary was recognised as an independent kingdom. A nationalist movement had also started in Prague. There the Czechs rose in a nationalist revolt demanding self-government for their kingdom. Austrian Emperor was forced to recognise the Czech Government. Though temporarily successful, most of these movements within the Austrian Empire ultimately ended in disaster.
The Triumph of Nationalism in Europe:
Unification of Italy:
After the downfall of Napoleon in 1815, the Congress of Vienna met mainly to redistribute the territories occupied by the French. The makers of the Vienna Settlement tried to prevent the spread of the ideas of democracy and nationalism. Despite their efforts, liberal ideas were gaining ground.
Italy had been divided into small kingdoms and principalities. Napoleon, through his conquests, brought the country under a single administrative unit. The Italians imbibed the revolutionary ideals of liberty and nationalism and became conscious of the need for their own national integration.
The fall of Napoleon again led to the disintegration of Italy. Austria got back Lombardy and Venetia, the Pope controlled Rome and Central Italy, Naples and Sicily were restored to the Bourbon family, Modena, Parma and Tuscany became independent duchies and kingdoms of Sardinia-Piedmont, Genoa and Savoy came under King Victor Emmanuel II. Thus Italy was reduced to a mere “geographical expression”.
In Italy, already a movement was going on for liberating these countries and uniting them into one State. Giuseppe Mazzini, who organised the ‘Young Italy’ movement, roused the enthusiasm of the Italians and kept alive the flame of nationalism.
In 1848, as in other parts of Europe, a revolutionary uprising started in Italy. But the struggle ended in failure. After 1848, the Sardinian King’s able Prime Minister, Count di Cavour, took the initiative of uniting Italy under Victor Emmanuel II.
The failure of the movement of 1848 made it clear to Cavour that Italian unification could be accomplished only with the assistance of strong powers like Austria and France. Cavour secured the goodwill of France when the Sardinian army joined the Crimean War in support of France.
With the support of France (under Napoleon III), Cavour fought with Austria (1859). Austria was ousted from Lombardy which was annexed to Sardinia. At this stage, the central Italian states, Parma, Modena and Tuscany, joined Sardinia Piedmont under Victor Emmanuel.
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