what are the reasons for the growth of settlements of in india ?
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A settlement is a collection of buildings where people live. They vary in size from small hamlets to large cities.
There are many factors that can influence where settlements locate within a region. The site of a settlement is the actual land that the settlements is built upon. The situation is the location of a settlement in relation to the things that are around it.
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Physical factors that influence the location of a settlement include;
1.
Water supply – settlements need water, they often locate on wet point sites for this. Settlements built away from rivers and water supplies to avoid flooding are located at dry point sites.
2.
Defence – building on high ground allowed people the chance to look out for enemies (e.g. Edinburgh castle) while surrounding a settlement with water also helped with deed defence e.g. Durham is built inside a meander.
3.
Aspect and shelter – In the northern hemisphere south facing slopes receive more sunlight and are protected from cold Northerly winds. More settlements and agricultural land is therefore located on South facing slopes.
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The economic factors include;
Communications – settlements often located next to rivers that could be easily crossed. These are called bridging points. Other favourable places included where at the junctions of valleys or in gaps through hills. These locations allowed maximum communication between different settlements and increased trade. E.g. Newcastle is built on the Tyne at a bridging point and could benefit with trade from the North and the South.
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Resources - Early settlers relied upon wood for fuel and building. A site close to woodland was there fore an advantage. Later, resources such as Iron ore, coal and bauxite encouraged the growth of settlements.
There are many factors that can influence where settlements locate within a region. The site of a settlement is the actual land that the settlements is built upon. The situation is the location of a settlement in relation to the things that are around it.
•
Physical factors that influence the location of a settlement include;
1.
Water supply – settlements need water, they often locate on wet point sites for this. Settlements built away from rivers and water supplies to avoid flooding are located at dry point sites.
2.
Defence – building on high ground allowed people the chance to look out for enemies (e.g. Edinburgh castle) while surrounding a settlement with water also helped with deed defence e.g. Durham is built inside a meander.
3.
Aspect and shelter – In the northern hemisphere south facing slopes receive more sunlight and are protected from cold Northerly winds. More settlements and agricultural land is therefore located on South facing slopes.
•
The economic factors include;
Communications – settlements often located next to rivers that could be easily crossed. These are called bridging points. Other favourable places included where at the junctions of valleys or in gaps through hills. These locations allowed maximum communication between different settlements and increased trade. E.g. Newcastle is built on the Tyne at a bridging point and could benefit with trade from the North and the South.
•
Resources - Early settlers relied upon wood for fuel and building. A site close to woodland was there fore an advantage. Later, resources such as Iron ore, coal and bauxite encouraged the growth of settlements.
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Rural-urban migration:
The proportion of people working in agriculture has declined by 30% over the last 50 years, while global population has increased by 250%. For example, in India, agriculture accounted for 52% of its GDP in 1954 and only 19% in 2004;in Brazil, the 2005 GDP contribution of agriculture is one-fifth of its contribution in 1951.
Many people move to urban areas primarily because cities promise more jobs, better schools for poor's children, and diverse income opportunities than subsistence farming in rural areas.However, some rural migrants may not find jobs immediately because of their lack of skills and the increasingly competitive job markets, which leads to their financial shortage.Many rural-urban migrant workers cannot afford housing in cities and eventually settle down in only affordable slum
2. Urbanization:
Rapid urbanization drives economic growth and causes people to seek working and investment opportunities in urban areas.Local governments are unable to manage urbanization,and migrant workers without an affordable place to live in, dwell in slums.The UN-Habitat reports that 43% of urban population in developing countries and 78% of those in the least developed countries are slum dwellers
3.Poor housing planning:
Lack of affordable low cost housing and poor planning encourages the supply side of slums.Insufficient financial resources and lack of coordination in government bureaucracy are two main causes of poor housing planning. The Millennium Development Goals proposes that member nations should make a “significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers” by 2020.
4.Colonialism and segregation:
Some of the slums in today’s world are a product of urbanization brought by colonialism.Others were created because of segregation imposed by the colonialists.
For example, Dharavi slum of Mumbai - now one of the largest slums in India, used to be a village referred to as Koliwadas. In 1887, the British colonial government expelled all tanneries, other noxious industry and poor natives who worked in the peninsular part of the city and colonial housing area, to what was back then the northern fringe of the city - a settlement now called Dharavi.This settlement attracted no colonial supervision or investment in terms of road infrastructure, sanitation, public services or housing. The poor moved into Dharavi, found work as servants in colonial offices and homes and in the foreign owned tanneries and other polluting industries near Dharavi. To live, the poor built shanty towns within easy commute to work. By 1947, the year India became an independent nation of the commonwealth, Dharavi had blossomed into Bombay’s largest slum
5.Poverty:
Urban poverty encourages the formation and demand for slums.The richer the country, the lower is the incidence of slums and, on the contrary, the higher the magnitude of slums in the country the lower is the gross national income (GNI) of that country.
6.Politics:
Removal and replacement of slum created a conflict of interest, and politics prevented efforts to remove, relocate or upgrade the slums into housing projects that are better than the slums. Similar dynamics are cited in faves of Brazil,slums of India,and shanty towns of Kenya.
7.Social conflicts:
Millions of Lebanese people formed slums during the civil war from 1975 to 1990.Similarly, in recent years, numerous slums have sprung around Kabul to accommodate rural Afghans escaping Taliban violence.
8.Natural disasters:
Major natural disasters in poor nations often lead to migration of disaster-affected families from areas crippled by the disaster to unaffected areas, the creation of temporary tent city and slums, or expansion of existing slums. These slums tend to become permanent because the residents do not want to leave, as in the case of slums near Port-au-Prince after the 2010 Haiti earthquake, and slums near Dhaka after 2007 Bangladesh Cyclone Sidr.
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The proportion of people working in agriculture has declined by 30% over the last 50 years, while global population has increased by 250%. For example, in India, agriculture accounted for 52% of its GDP in 1954 and only 19% in 2004;in Brazil, the 2005 GDP contribution of agriculture is one-fifth of its contribution in 1951.
Many people move to urban areas primarily because cities promise more jobs, better schools for poor's children, and diverse income opportunities than subsistence farming in rural areas.However, some rural migrants may not find jobs immediately because of their lack of skills and the increasingly competitive job markets, which leads to their financial shortage.Many rural-urban migrant workers cannot afford housing in cities and eventually settle down in only affordable slum
2. Urbanization:
Rapid urbanization drives economic growth and causes people to seek working and investment opportunities in urban areas.Local governments are unable to manage urbanization,and migrant workers without an affordable place to live in, dwell in slums.The UN-Habitat reports that 43% of urban population in developing countries and 78% of those in the least developed countries are slum dwellers
3.Poor housing planning:
Lack of affordable low cost housing and poor planning encourages the supply side of slums.Insufficient financial resources and lack of coordination in government bureaucracy are two main causes of poor housing planning. The Millennium Development Goals proposes that member nations should make a “significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers” by 2020.
4.Colonialism and segregation:
Some of the slums in today’s world are a product of urbanization brought by colonialism.Others were created because of segregation imposed by the colonialists.
For example, Dharavi slum of Mumbai - now one of the largest slums in India, used to be a village referred to as Koliwadas. In 1887, the British colonial government expelled all tanneries, other noxious industry and poor natives who worked in the peninsular part of the city and colonial housing area, to what was back then the northern fringe of the city - a settlement now called Dharavi.This settlement attracted no colonial supervision or investment in terms of road infrastructure, sanitation, public services or housing. The poor moved into Dharavi, found work as servants in colonial offices and homes and in the foreign owned tanneries and other polluting industries near Dharavi. To live, the poor built shanty towns within easy commute to work. By 1947, the year India became an independent nation of the commonwealth, Dharavi had blossomed into Bombay’s largest slum
5.Poverty:
Urban poverty encourages the formation and demand for slums.The richer the country, the lower is the incidence of slums and, on the contrary, the higher the magnitude of slums in the country the lower is the gross national income (GNI) of that country.
6.Politics:
Removal and replacement of slum created a conflict of interest, and politics prevented efforts to remove, relocate or upgrade the slums into housing projects that are better than the slums. Similar dynamics are cited in faves of Brazil,slums of India,and shanty towns of Kenya.
7.Social conflicts:
Millions of Lebanese people formed slums during the civil war from 1975 to 1990.Similarly, in recent years, numerous slums have sprung around Kabul to accommodate rural Afghans escaping Taliban violence.
8.Natural disasters:
Major natural disasters in poor nations often lead to migration of disaster-affected families from areas crippled by the disaster to unaffected areas, the creation of temporary tent city and slums, or expansion of existing slums. These slums tend to become permanent because the residents do not want to leave, as in the case of slums near Port-au-Prince after the 2010 Haiti earthquake, and slums near Dhaka after 2007 Bangladesh Cyclone Sidr.
Is this answer still relevant and up to date?
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