What are the Roles of Research to Farm Animals in the contribution for food production?
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Answer:
In a recent editorial inScience, Donald Kennedy discussed the critical need for increased funding for agricultural research because of the challenges associated with feeding the world's rapidly expanding population and correctly identified food security as the main global challenge of the 21st century (1–4). As Dr. Kennedy's editorial correctly pointed out, the challenge of feeding a population of >9 billion is daunting, and because arable land and clean water resources are already limited, it will only be possible through the application of agricultural innovations and increased efficiency of food production. However, he failed to mention the important role of animals, and we would therefore like to expand on that issue and several other critical issues.
Food security is defined by the WHO as “… [ready] access to sufficient, safe, nutritious food to maintain a healthy and active life” (4). Although the focus of discussions about food security is usually the developing world, where most of population growth is expected to occur, food security is equally important for the developed world. Globally, food insecurity currently affects nearly a billion people, including 20 million children aged <5 y who experience severe malnutrition, and is one of the “…major causes of death and disability worldwide” (5). Similarly, in the developed world food security remains problematic; in the United States, for example, nearly 15% of households are food insecure (6).
Hunger is principally caused by poverty, which currently affects ∼15.8% (21.8% for children aged <18 y) of the population in the United States and represents the highest poverty rate since 1993 (6). Thus, 48.8 million US citizens live in poverty, which is nearly twice the total population of the 10 largest US cities [25.2 million (7)]! In addition, 2.3 million American households, representing 2.8 million children, live in extreme poverty, meaning their income is ≤$2/d per person, which is the same definition used by the World Bank for the developing world (8)!
Food insecurity affects especially children because “[u]ndernutrition and malnutrition in childhood interfere with physical and mental development, thus compromising whole lives. Assuring adequate nutrition from an early age on is therefore a prerequisite for a society's prosperity” (5). In addition, because three-fourths of the poor in the developing world still live in rural areas, and most of these are smallholder farmers, growth in the agricultural sector may be the most effective way to reduce poverty (9).
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