what are the similarities and differences in need for clothing across different ages of human development ?
Answers
Background
Knowledge about typical development is of fundamental importance for understanding and promoting child health and development. We aimed to ascertain when healthy children in four culturally and linguistically different countries attain developmental milestones and to identify similarities and differences across sexes and countries.
Methods
In this cross-sectional, observational study, we recruited children aged 0–42 months and their caregivers between March 3, 2011, and May 18, 2015, at 22 health clinics in Argentina, India, South Africa, and Turkey. We obtained a healthy subsample, which excluded children with a low birthweight, perinatal complications, chronic illness, undernutrition, or anaemia, and children with missing health data. Using the Guide for Monitoring Child Development, caregivers described their child's development in seven domains: expressive and receptive language, gross and fine motor, play, relating, and self-help. Clinicians examining the children also completed a checklist about the child's health status. We used logit and probit regression models based on the lowest deviance information criterion to generate Bayesian point estimates and 95% credible intervals for the 50th percentile ages of attainment of 106 milestones. We assessed the significance of differences between sexes and countries using predefined criteria and regions of practical equivalence.
Findings
Of 10 246 children recruited, 4949 children (48·3%) were included in the healthy subsample. For the 106 milestones assessed, the median age of attainment was equivalent for 102 (96%) milestones across sexes and 81 (76%) milestones across the four countries. Across countries, median ages of attainment were equivalent for all play milestones, 20 (77%) of 26 expressive language milestones, ten (67%) of 15 receptive language milestones, nine (82%) of 11 fine motor milestones, 14 (88%) of 16 gross motor milestones, and eight (73%) of 11 relating milestones. However, across the four countries the median age of attainment was equivalent for only two (22%) of nine milestones in the self-help domain.
Interpretation
The ages of attainment of developmental milestones in healthy children, and the similarities and differences across sexes and country samples might aid the development of international tools to guide policy, service delivery, and intervention research, particularly in low-income and middle-income countries.
Funding
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development.
Introduction
Research from various fields of science has established the importance of early childhood development on health and productivity across the lifespan.1 Nevertheless, 43% of children younger than 5 years in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) are estimated to be at risk of not reaching their full developmental potential.2 Such estimates have been used to calculate loss of adult productivity and increased health expenditures in LMICs.3 These estimates, however, are indirect measures, based on the proportions of children with stunting and those living in poverty. To guide early childhood development policies, research is underway to substantiate these estimates by creating population indicators of early childhood development based on assessment of children's development.4 Two other pressing needs require methods of assessing child development across LMICs. The first is for health-care systems to be able to assess the development of individual children and identify the need for interventions.5 The second is for research tools to be able to measure the effect of interventions on child development.6 All measurements of early childhood development, whether they are population-based indicators, individual assessments, or research tools, must incorporate information on early developmental milestones. To guide the development of universally applicable tools, it is first necessary to establish when healthy children attain milestones, and which milestones are similarly attained across sexes and countries.
Whether child development is similar across sexes and populations is a question that is of fundamental importance for understanding and promoting human development.4, 5, 6, 7 One of the UN Sustainable Development Goal indicators is “the proportion of children under 5 years of age who are developmentally on track in health, learning and psychosocial well-being, by sex”.8 The UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey7 has incorporated questions to assess the development of children aged 3–5 years at the population level. What is considered developmentally on track in the first 3 years and whether it can be measured universally, however, remains unclear. Previous research9, 10, 11 has shown that children attain developmental milestones at substantially different ages across sexes and cultures.
Answer:
Growth refers to an increase in size evident through physical change. Growth is also used to refer to consistent growing and an increase in value. When your child increases in height and weight, then they are experiencing a growth process. On the other hand, development refers to a process of gradual transformation.
Explanation: