Question

what are the similarities between colonial management of the forests in Bastar and Java

Answer 1

The colonial managers of Bastar were the British, while those of Java were the Dutch.

There were however many similarities between both the colonial powers in forest management of the respective areas. In both cases forests came to be owned by the state.

They restricted villagers from practising shifting cultivation and their access to forests. They enacted laws to allow themselves to exploit forest trees for timber, to build ships and railways to protect and further their imperial interests.

Both were exploitative by nature, they displaced the local communities from their traditional means of livelihood, and exploited them to further their interests. Defaulters of forest laws were harassed, punished and fined.

Policies of management in both cases resulted in enforcement of alien concepts of private property, taxes and penetration of forest societies by outsiders. The atrocities of the managers led to increasing frustration among the forest communities, which found an outlet in rebellions. These rebellions though crushed with a heavy hand were not without results.

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Answer 2

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Forest management of Bastar in India was under the control of the British, while in Java, it was under Dutch management

(I) Just like the British, the Dutch required timber to make sleepers for railway tracks.

(II) The British and Dutch colonial authorities enacted their own version of the forest laws that gave them total control over the forests and depriving the customary rights of the forest dwellers.

(III) Both the Dutch and the British put a ban on shifting cultivation on the grounds that they were dangerous to the existence of forests

(IV) The villagers of Bastar were allowed to stay in the forests on the condition that they provide free labour to the forest department. While in Java, the Dutch exempted those villages from paying taxes when they provided free labour to the forest department.

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