What are the similarities in properties of.elements in halgoen family?
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The halogens all have the property that they have 7 electrons in their outer shell.
For quantum mechanical reasons, there is ‘room’ for 8 electrons in the outer shell. So the halogens will react rather strongly with elements that have one or two electrons in their outer shell. These electrons are loosely held by their nucleus because they are far from it, relatively speaking.
A good example is table salt, sodium chloride. Sodium has one electron in its outer shell, and chlorine, a halogen, would very much like that electron. So that electron moves over to the chlorine atom, and everyone is happy.
Keep in mind that this results in ions that are charged. The chlorine becomes negatively charged (and now called a chloride ion) and the sodium becomes positively charged. So these ions stick together. Here’s a picture of a salt crystal:
The halogens are less reactive as you go down the periodic table. Listed from the top they are:
Fluorine
Chlorine
Bromine
Iodine
Astatine (Astatine is radioactive and is not often found in nature.)
Florine is so reactive that it is difficult to create gaseous fluorine.
The acid of fluorine, hydrofluoric acid, HF, is one of the few chemicals that will dissolve glass, so it must be kept in a plastic container.
Chlorine was used in World War I. On contact, it burns the eyes, skin, and lungs. It was so terrible, that it was outlawed in a Geneva Convention. It was therefore not used in World War II.
Iodine is a solid at room temperature, and can be held in your hand. It does not dissolve well in water, but it does dissolve in alcohol, forming a beautiful violet solution.
For quantum mechanical reasons, there is ‘room’ for 8 electrons in the outer shell. So the halogens will react rather strongly with elements that have one or two electrons in their outer shell. These electrons are loosely held by their nucleus because they are far from it, relatively speaking.
A good example is table salt, sodium chloride. Sodium has one electron in its outer shell, and chlorine, a halogen, would very much like that electron. So that electron moves over to the chlorine atom, and everyone is happy.
Keep in mind that this results in ions that are charged. The chlorine becomes negatively charged (and now called a chloride ion) and the sodium becomes positively charged. So these ions stick together. Here’s a picture of a salt crystal:
The halogens are less reactive as you go down the periodic table. Listed from the top they are:
Fluorine
Chlorine
Bromine
Iodine
Astatine (Astatine is radioactive and is not often found in nature.)
Florine is so reactive that it is difficult to create gaseous fluorine.
The acid of fluorine, hydrofluoric acid, HF, is one of the few chemicals that will dissolve glass, so it must be kept in a plastic container.
Chlorine was used in World War I. On contact, it burns the eyes, skin, and lungs. It was so terrible, that it was outlawed in a Geneva Convention. It was therefore not used in World War II.
Iodine is a solid at room temperature, and can be held in your hand. It does not dissolve well in water, but it does dissolve in alcohol, forming a beautiful violet solution.
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Answer:
1) The outermost shell electrons of the halogen family elements is 7, there is only one electron left to complete their octet.
2) Commonly halogens show valency -1, they gain an electron to complete their octet.
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