Question

What are the sources of Mesopotamian civilization?

Answer 1

The  people were greatly reliant on trade. They traded with many different civilizations like Persia, Mesopotamia and China. They were also known to trade in the Arabian Gulf region, central parts of Asia, portions of Afghanistan and northern and western India

Explanation:

• Evidence suggests that  engaged in an vast network of marine – coastal – trade between Central Asia and the Middle East. The economy of civilization seems to rely heavily on trade, as significant advancements in transport technology had encouraged this. Some goods that were traded were beads, terracotta pots,  silver, gold,, colored gems such as lapis lazuli &  turquoise, flints, metals, seashells & pearls.

• The finding of Harappan seals and archeological jewelry at archeological site in regions of Mesopotamia, including most modern Iraq , Kuwait and parts of Syria, is one of the ways historians understand the maritime trade network between the Harappan & Mesopotamian cultures.

• Historians also made findings about exchange networks based on similarities of artifacts across civilisations. The ceramicsregion showed similarities to south Turkmenistan & northern Iran from 4300 BC to 3200 BC, also known by the Copper Age part of the Chalcolithic period. Cultural similarities in pottery, figurines, ornaments, & seals shows evidences of "caravan trade" with Central Asia and Iranian plateau are present in the early Harappan period, from about 3,200 to 2600 BCE.

• For example, Trade relations with Mesopotamia were formed among the Indus Valley which has been evidenced and from a seal from Mesopotamian that was discovered . During the later third millennium, the commercial connection was strong. Ship from Meluhah docked in ports in Mesopotamia and some Meluhhans stayed in Sumer whose job was to act as translators  of the Meluhhan language.

• It might also be a reference to the Sumerian myth of a monster, created by Arurou, the Sumerian "earth and goddess of fertility", to fight "Gilgamesh", the hero of an "ancient Mesopotamian epic poem",. This is a further evidence of Harappan's foreign trade.

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Answer 2

Answer:

Mesopotamian civilizations were established on the banks of the rivers Tigris and Euphrates, which are today called as Iraq and Kuwait. The most important Mesopotamian civilizations include the Sumerian, the Assyrian, the Babylonian, and the Akkadian civilizations.