what are the specific similarities can you point out from the three categories that existed in the 20th century
Answers
One of the great pleasures of writing historical fiction is the opportunity it provides to step back in time and engage imaginatively with a period that appears to be completely different from your own. This appeal has never been motivated, for me at least, by escapism. Because the past may indeed be another country, but like Joyce’s Ireland or Leonardo Sciascia’s Sicily, the present is something that you always end up writing about no matter how far you move away from it
As a writer who often deals with historical catastrophes and episodes of social/political breakdown, I have often looked to the past for warnings and precedents in both fiction and non-fiction. This was the case with The Devils of Cardona, and also with my forthcoming novel Black Sun Rising. Despite the greater historical distance, the parallels between past and present at first sight might seem clearer in a novel set in sixteenth century Aragon. In Black Sun Rising the relevance to the present seems more tenuous. The 1909 urban uprising in Barcelona known as ‘Tragic Week’ is a key episode in Spanish and Catalan history, but it doesn’t have the obvious wider resonance as the conflict between Muslims and Christians in the Spain of Philip II.
Writing it required me to immerse myself, not merely in Spanish history, but in the period of history which later became known as the Belle Epoque. As the term suggests, the notion of a Belle Epoque—beginning roughly in 1871 and ending in 1914—is essentially celebratory. It conjures up notions of peace, optimism, artistic endeavor, economic prosperity and technological transformation that were supposedly eclipsed by the calamitous events of the first half of the twentieth century.
At first sight, the notion of a ‘Belle Epoque’ could not be further from our own century, with its pervasive sense of dread, its cultural and political pessimism, and its cascade of institutional and governmental failures. Even before the Covid-19 pandemic, 21st century politics were dominated by the belief that things are bad and probably getting worse. A succession of savage terrorist attacks, wars, refugee crises, financial and political implosion, the looming prospect of ecological collapse—all these events and possibilities have been part and parcel of the politics of the new century.
To understand these parallels, we need to understand that the Belle Epoque was never quite as beautiful and untroubled a period as it was later imagined to be. Then, as now, rapid technological transformation was accompanied by anxieties about the speed of progress and the new forms of ‘globalization’ wrought by trains, steamships, and transoceanic telegraph lines—not to mention the movements of unwanted people across borders.
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The Question is Give below
Music in the 20th Century changed dramatically, due to the hostile political climate, advances in technology, and huge shifts in style. Many composers, struggling to build any further on the music of generations gone by, reacted against established musical trends, creating exciting new forms and styles.