what are the steps to be taken for eradication of malaria
Answers
Explanation:
What Are Elimination and Eradication?
In areas of moderate to high transmission that are implementing malaria control, interventions are deployed on a large scale to reduce the public health burden of the disease. In elimination settings, targeted interventions aim to interrupt local transmission in the specific places where it becomes increasingly concentrated, that is, small geographic areas or special subpopulations that may be harder and costlier to reach. The key decisions facing policy makers in low- and moderate-transmission settings are when to embark on malaria elimination (Sabot and others 2010); which interventions to implement and where and when; and at what levels of intensity and reach. Critical to this debate are the political and financial commitments that are needed long after the disease stops being a public health burden.
Malaria elimination involves stopping indigenous transmission through active control measures (Cohen and others 2010; Smith and others 2009). The complete absence of local incidence is very unlikely to be achieved in places with high intrinsic potential for transmission and elevated importation of cases (Cohen and others 2010). For example, even the United States, a relatively low transmission risk area, identified 156 locally acquired cases between 1957 and 2003 (Filler and others 2006). Even countries that do not contiguously border endemic neighbors experience considerable importation annually: Sri Lanka reported 49 confirmed imported malaria cases in 2014, and in Tanzania, Zanzibar’s estimated importation of 1.6 cases per 1,000 residents could potentially produce 1,300 incident cases (Le Menach and others 2011). Transmission from imported cases may lead to first degree introduced cases; a second degree of transmission from an introduced case produces an indigenous case: both are products of local transmission. Elimination accordingly requires preventing all indigenous cases, but introduced cases may continue to occur sporadically.
As more countries and regions eliminate malaria and implement measures to prevent reintroduction, fewer imported infections will occur, and eradication will become increasingly feasible. See box 12.1 for the WHO definitions of control, elimination, and eradication.