what are the two main system of indigo cultivation in india
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Answer:
There were two main systems of indigo cultivation – nij and ryoti. ... The planters found it difficult to expand the area under nij cultivation. Indigo could be cultivated only on fertile lands, and these were all already densely populated.
Explanation:
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There were two main systems of indigo cultivation– Nij system of cultivation and Ryoti system of cultivation.
Enrich Your Learning:
By the end of the eighteenth century, the existing supplies of indigo from the West Indies and America collapsed for a variety of reasons. So, the demand for Indian indigo increased in the markets of west.
Cloth dyers in Britain now desperately looked for new sources of indigo supply. The British realised that the countryside could also grow the crops that Europe required.
By the late eighteenth century the Company was trying its best to expand the cultivation of opium and indigo.
The British persuaded or forced cultivators in various parts of India to produce other crops: jute in Bengal, tea in Assam, sugarcane in the United Provinces (now Uttar Pradesh), wheat in Punjab, cotton in Maharashtra and Punjab, rice in Madras.
The indigo plant grows primarily in the tropics. By the thirteenth century Indian indigo was being used by cloth manufacturers in Italy, France and Britain to dye cloth.
Cultivation methods of Indigo during colonial period in India
There were two main systems of indigo cultivation – nij and ryoti.
Nij system of cultivation
Within the system of nij cultivation, the planter produced indigo in lands that he directly controlled.
He either bought the land or rented it from other zamindars and produced indigo by directly employing hired labourers.
Till the late nineteenth century, planters were reluctant to expand the area under nij cultivation because of various reasons.
Less than 25 per cent of the land producing indigo was under this system.
Ryoti system of cultivation
Under the ryoti system, the planters forced the ryots to sign a contract, an agreement (satta).
At times they pressurized the village headmen to sign the contract on behalf of the ryots.
The planter provided the seed and the drill, while the cultivators prepared the soil, sowed the seed and looked after the crop.
Those who signed the contract got cash advances from the planters at low rates of interest to produce indigo.
But the loan committed the ryot to cultivating indigo on at least 25 per cent of the area under his holding.