what are the two ways of giving vaccine
Answers
Answer:
How are vaccines given?
Vaccines generate immunity across the body as a whole, but they can also provoke specific immune responses in specific bodily areas. For this reason, the varying delivery methods of vaccines are important.
Vaccines are most effective if they can stimulate the creation of antibodies where pathogens are likely to invade and harm the body, for instance in mucous membranes. So, to ensure that their action is suitably targeted, the delivery routes of vaccines often mimic the invasion routes of pathogens.
For example, the oral polio vaccine is ingested in order to stimulate the creation of antibodies in the lining of the intestines, as this is where the poliovirus ends up and multiplies after entering the body in contaminated food and water. The oral cholera vaccine generates one localised set of antibodies that stop Vibrio cholerae bacteria from attaching themselves to the intestinal wall, and another set that prevents the bacteria’s toxins from binding to the intestine’s mucous membrane.
Intranasal (up-the-nose) delivery of vaccines achieves the same effect, but in the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity. This delivery method is used to combat diseases that need to overcome the nasal mucous barrier in order to infect the body, such as influenza.
However, specific delivery routes are also sometimes necessary to minimise the chances of vaccines having adverse effects on the body. Vaccines containing aluminium-based adjuvants often cause inflammation (granulomas) unless they are injected into muscle tissue. The BCG (Bacille Calmette–Guérin) vaccine for tuberculosis is injected into the topmost layer of the skin – a process known as intradermal injection – to avoid it causing damage to blood vessels and nerves.
Some vaccines – such as those for yellow fever and MMR (measles, mumps and rubella) – work best when released slowly into the body. For this reason they are injected into the layer of fat between the skin and muscle. The limited blood flow in this area prevents the vaccine from being distributed around the body too quickly. This method is known as subcutaneous injection.
Explanation:
Answer:
Methods of Vaccination:-
- Intraocular (Eye Drop) or Nasal Instillation method.
- Beak Dipping Method. .
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