Question

what are the types of cell on the basic of type of organisation

Answer 1

The cell is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms.

Answer 2

Cell is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms. The cell is the fundamental working unit of all organisms.A cell is the smallest unit of life that can replicate independently, and cells are often called the “building blocks of life“.The study of cells is called cell biology.Human body is composed of a total number of 3.72 × 10(13) cells i.e. 37.2 trillion cells excluding bacteria.

TYPES

Cells are of two types – Prokaryotic, & Eukaryotic.





CELLULAR BIOLOGY

Cell : Basics, Types, Organisation, Movements, Functions



ByDr Daya Choudhary

Posted on February 26, 2017

Contents [hide]

1 Cell : Basics, Types, Components, Organisation, Movements, Intercellular Connections & CommunicationA, Transport across Cell, and Functions1.1 Introduction1.2 Types1.3 Cell Components1.4 Organization of the Cell1.5 Locomotion of Cells (Cell Movements)1.6 Intercellular Connections (Intercellular Junctions)1.7 Intercellular Communication1.8 Transport across Cell 1.9 Functions1.10 Discovery & History1.11 Related

CELL : BASICS, TYPES, COMPONENTS, ORGANISATION, MOVEMENTS, INTERCELLULAR CONNECTIONS & COMMUNICATIONA, TRANSPORT ACROSS CELL, AND FUNCTIONS

INTRODUCTION

Cell is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms. The cell is the fundamental working unit of all organisms.A cell is the smallest unit of life that can replicate independently, and cells are often called the “building blocks of life“.The study of cells is called cell biology.Human body is composed of a total number of 3.72 × 10(13) cells i.e. 37.2 trillion cells excluding bacteria.

TYPES

Cells are of two types – Prokaryotic, & Eukaryotic.

Prokaryotic Eukaryotic like Animal Cells, Plant Cells

Difference between Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cells

FeaturesProkaryoticEukaryoticSize~ 1–5 µm~ 10–100 µmRibosomes30S & 50S40S & 60SMembrane Bound Cell Organelles like NucleusAbsentPresentDNACircularLinearTranscriptionCytoplasmNucleusTranslationCytoplasmCytoplasmOrganizationUsually single cellsSingle cells, colonies, higher multicellular organisms with specialized cellsCell divisionBinary fissionMitosis,
MeiosisChromosomesSingle chromosomeMultiple chromosomeDNA AssociationAssociated with Non-histone proteinsAssociated with Histones & NonhistonesCell wallComplex polysaccharide
peptidoglycanSimple

Difference between Plant & Animal Cells

FeaturesPlantAnimal Size 10-100 µm 10-30 µm Chloroplasts Present Absent Mitochondria Absent Present Cell Wall Present Absent Vacuoles Present Absent

CELL COMPONENTS

Cell = Cell Wall + Protoplasm (Cell Membrane + Cytoplasm + Cell Organelles + Cytoskeletal Element)



Cells are composed of following elements :

Cell WallCell MembraneCell OrganellesCytoskeletal ElementCellular projections

Capsule is present in some bacteria outside the cellular wall.

Cell Organelles are as following :

NucleusMitochondriaChloroplastsEndoplasmic reticulumGolgi apparatusLysosomesPeroxisomesCentrosomeVacuolesRibosomes

Cytoskeletal Element are as following :

MicrotubulesIntermediate filamentsMicrofilaments

 

Cellular projections are as following :

PseudopodiumFilopodiumLamellipodiumGrowth coneFlagellumAcrosome or axonBacterial comet tail

Molecular motors are kinesin, dynein, andmyosin.

Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAM) are integrins, adhesion molecules of the IgG superfamily of immunoglobulins, cadherins, & selectins.

ORGANIZATION OF THE CELL

The different substances that make up the cells are collectively called protoplasm. Protoplasm is composed mainly of five basic substances: water, electrolytes, proteins, lipids, andcarbohydrates.

Water

The principal fluid medium of the cell is water, which is present in most cells, except for fat cells, in a
concentration of 70 to 85 percent.Many cellular chemicals are dissolved in the water. Others are suspended in the water as solid particulates.Chemical reactions take place among the dissolved chemicals or at the surfaces of the suspended particles or membranes.

Ions

Important ions in thecell include potassium, magnesium, phosphate, sulfate, bicarbonate, and smaller quantities of sodium, chloride, and calcium.The ions provide inorganic chemicals for cellular reactions. Also, they are necessary for operation of some of the cellular control mechanisms.

Proteins

After water, the most abundant substances in most cells are proteins, which normally constitute 10 to 20 percent of the cellular mass.These can be divided into two types:structural proteins and functional proteins.

Lipids

Lipids are several types of substances that are grouped together because of their common property of being soluble in fat solvents. Especially important lipids are phospholipids and cholesterol, which together constitute only about 2 percent of the total cell mass.In addition to phospholipids and cholesterol, some cells contain large quantities of triglycerides, also
called neutral fat. In the fat cells, triglycerides often account for as much as 95 percent of the cell mass.