Question

What are the types of Gender Discrimination?

Answer 1

• Women Works Longer than Men:

In most of the societies the male-stream is the main stream who argues that women have comparative advantage in household non-market production, like cooking and cleaning for the family that can be called emotional and personal caring work.

• Inequality in Employment and Earnings:

Historically, men have greater participation in work outside home than women. But women (particu­larly of poor households) share unequally house­hold duties in addition to economic production. Thus they work longer than males.  

• Ownership Inequality:

A case of social inequality: Let us turn to another kind of inequality, called ownership inequality—a classic case of social inequality. In most of the societies, owner­ship over property and means of production rests mainly on male members. The law of inheritance provides such ownership rights on male child. Such denial coming out of hierarchical dualism within the family not only reduces the voice of women but also prevents them from participating in commercial, economic and social activities.

• Survival Inequality:

Another crudest form of gender disparity is the unusually high mortality rates of women, though biologically, women live longer than men! Thus, more boys than girls are born everywhere leading to a ‘deficit’ of women and a ‘surplus’ of men. In developed countries because of absence of gender-bias in health care and nutrition, women outnumber men. In Europe and in North America, 105 or more girls are born per 100 boys. Such high female- male ratio (1.05) in these countries is attributed to a high gendered survival rate in different age groups.

• Gender Bias in the Distribution of Education and Health:

Health and education—the two major forms of human capital—are related to economic development. Human capital gets accumulated as a society advances in education. The contribution of human capital towards Japan’s remarkable economic progress attracts our attention. Improve­ment in health capital also improves the return to investments in education, and vice versa.

• Gender Inequality in Freedom Expre­ssion:

Let us talk about gender inequality beyond economic issues or factors. Women are not only subject to income or asset inequality but also in terms of freedom and power deprivation of women goes beyond one’s imagination. They lack not only economic freedom at home because of absence of autonomy in household decisions, limited or complete absence of property ownership rights and the poor wages earned but also lack any freedom in airing opinions over education of children.

• Gender Inequality in Respect of Violence and Victimisation:

Finally, anti-female bias starts before the girl child is born (consequent upon sex- specific abortions) and this attitude of the society a female member carries throughout her life.

Answer 2

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