What are the various approaches of MIS development in an organization
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[Source: https://www.scribd.com/doc/41281850/Discuss-the-Three-Approaches-of-MIS-Development]
i)Top down approach: The development of MIS under top down approach starts with thedefining of the objectives of the organisation, the kind of business it is in, and theconstraints under which it operates. The activities or functions for which informationwould be required are also identified. The crucial strategic and tactical decisions are alsodefined and the decisions necessary to operate the activities are specified. From theactivities or functions and the decisions to be made, the major information requirementsare ascertained.This approach develops a model of information flow in the organization, which acts as aguide for designing the information system. By using the model of information flow,various information sub-systems may be defined. Each sub±system comprises of variousmodules. The selection of a module for developing system is made on the basis of thepriority assigned to it.The various sub±systems and their modules are coordinated to achieve the objective of integration. The information system so developed is viewed as a total system, which isfully integrated, rather than as a collection of loosely coordinated sub±systems.It is also evident from the nomenclature that top management takes the initiative informulating major objectives, policies and plans in a comprehensive manner andcommunicates them down the line to middle and supervisory management levels for translating them into performance results. Managers other than those at top levels havelittle role in planning, they have to only concentrate on implementation and day±to±daycontrol.(ii)Bottom-up approach:The development of information system under this approachstarts from the identification of life stream systems. Life stream systems are thosesystems, which are essential for the day±to±day business activities. The examples of lifestream systems include payroll, sales order, inventory control and purchasing etc. Thedevelopment of information system for each life stream system starts after identifying itsbasic transactions, information file requirements and information processing programs. After ascertaining the data/information requirements, files requirement and processingprograms for each life stream system, the information system for each is developed. Thenext step is towards the integration of data kept in different data files of each informationsystem. The data is integrated only after thoroughly examining various applications, filesand records. The integrated data enhances the shareability and evolvability of thedatabase. It also ensures that all programs are using uniform data. Integrated data alsoprovides added capability for inquiry processing and ad±hoc requests for reports.The next step under bottom up approach may be the addition of decision model andvarious planning models for supporting the planning activities involved in managementcontrol. Further, these models are integrated to evolve model base. The models in themodel base facilitate and support higher management activities. They are useful for analysing different factors, to understand difficult situations and to formulate alternativestrategies and options to deal them.
i)Top down approach: The development of MIS under top down approach starts with thedefining of the objectives of the organisation, the kind of business it is in, and theconstraints under which it operates. The activities or functions for which informationwould be required are also identified. The crucial strategic and tactical decisions are alsodefined and the decisions necessary to operate the activities are specified. From theactivities or functions and the decisions to be made, the major information requirementsare ascertained.This approach develops a model of information flow in the organization, which acts as aguide for designing the information system. By using the model of information flow,various information sub-systems may be defined. Each sub±system comprises of variousmodules. The selection of a module for developing system is made on the basis of thepriority assigned to it.The various sub±systems and their modules are coordinated to achieve the objective of integration. The information system so developed is viewed as a total system, which isfully integrated, rather than as a collection of loosely coordinated sub±systems.It is also evident from the nomenclature that top management takes the initiative informulating major objectives, policies and plans in a comprehensive manner andcommunicates them down the line to middle and supervisory management levels for translating them into performance results. Managers other than those at top levels havelittle role in planning, they have to only concentrate on implementation and day±to±daycontrol.(ii)Bottom-up approach:The development of information system under this approachstarts from the identification of life stream systems. Life stream systems are thosesystems, which are essential for the day±to±day business activities. The examples of lifestream systems include payroll, sales order, inventory control and purchasing etc. Thedevelopment of information system for each life stream system starts after identifying itsbasic transactions, information file requirements and information processing programs. After ascertaining the data/information requirements, files requirement and processingprograms for each life stream system, the information system for each is developed. Thenext step is towards the integration of data kept in different data files of each informationsystem. The data is integrated only after thoroughly examining various applications, filesand records. The integrated data enhances the shareability and evolvability of thedatabase. It also ensures that all programs are using uniform data. Integrated data alsoprovides added capability for inquiry processing and ad±hoc requests for reports.The next step under bottom up approach may be the addition of decision model andvarious planning models for supporting the planning activities involved in managementcontrol. Further, these models are integrated to evolve model base. The models in themodel base facilitate and support higher management activities. They are useful for analysing different factors, to understand difficult situations and to formulate alternativestrategies and options to deal them.
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Answer:
There are 3 different types of MIS
- Top-down approach
- Bottom-up approach
- Integrative approach
Explanation:
Top-down approach
In this approach, Entire system is partitioned into hierarchy of sub-systems.
System is partitioned into subsystem which are further divided into number of other subsystems in a top- down approach.
Bottom-up approach
In this approach, we mainly start from leaf - level or from bottom management and proceeds progressively to upper management level .
Integrative approach
In this approach , subsystems of a system are joined or integrated with other such that objective of system can be satisfied .
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