what are the various artefacts that archaeologists excavate.??
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Answers
Six predynastic artifacts from ancient Egypt.
In archaeology, an artifact or artefact is any object made or modified by a human culture, individual or group. Often the artifact—or object—is recovered long after the time it served its purpose, through an archaeological endeavor or even by accident or chance. Examples of artifacts from various time periods would include stone tools such as projectile points, pottery vessels, metal objects such as buttons or guns, and items of personal adornment such as jewelry and clothing. Other examples include bone that show signs of human modification, fire cracked rocks from a hearth, or plant material used for food. Interestingly, one of the most common artifacts found is garbage.
Contents
1 Sources of artifacts
2 Use of artifacts in archaeological analysis
3 Artifacts vs. ecofacts
4 Artifacts, museums, and preservation
5 Artifacts of interest
6 Legacy
7 Notes
8 References
9 External Links
10 Credits
In addition to giving archaeologists important information about previous cultures and civilizations, artifacts aid in dating earth's time periods and in historical record keeping. If a picture is "worth a thousand words" as the expression goes, then artifacts tell even more. Their beauty, rarity, and history unlock the secrets of their ancient owners.
Sources of artifacts
Gold belt buckle excavated in Pyongyang, North Korea during the Proto-Three Kingdoms period.
In archaeology it is not only the physical location of a discovery that holds significance, but the context (or setting) as well. And an archaeological context does not only refer to a geographical place, it can also be an event in time which has been preserved in the archaeological record. Multiple fills of soil in a ditch, for example, could imply multiple contexts. By separating a site into basic, discrete units, archaeologists are able to create a chronology for activity on a site and not only describe it, but allow for its interpretation as well.
Artifacts can come from many different sources such as:
Grave goods (those personal items Buried along with a body)
Hoards
Votive offerings
From any Archaeology feature such as a pit, wall, ditch
A Midden (a landfill)
Most grave goods recovered by archaeologists consist of inorganic objects such as pottery, stone, and metal tools, but there is evidence that already decayed organic objects were also placed in ancient tombs. Some of the most famous and well preserved grave goods are those from ancient Egypt. Ancient Egyptians believed that goods buried in tombs could be used by the deceased in the afterlife.
Middens, dumps which contain human waste, can also contain a variety of archaeological material, including animal bone, feces, shell, botanical material, vermin, sherds, lithics, and other ecofacts associated with past human habitation. Middens are useful resources for archaeologists who wish to study the diet and habits of past societies. Middens with damp, anaerobic conditions can even preserve organic remains which can be analyzed to obtain information regarding climate and seasonal use.
In archaeology, a hoard is a collection of artifacts purposely buried in the ground, usually with intention to recover them at a later date. Hoarders oftentimes died before retrieving their loot, and these surviving artifacts can sometimes be uncovered at a later time by hobbyists with metal-detectors or by archaeologists.
Hoards provide a useful method of determining the dates of artifacts. They can also, sometimes, indicate the degree of conflict or war in an ancient society. For example, circumstances in fifth and sixth century Britain spurred the burial of several famous hoards whose remains can be seen today at the British Museum in London.
A votive deposit or votive offering is an object left in a sacred place for ritual purposes. A contemporary example would be that of the Roman Catholic Church where offerings are made either to fulfill a vow, or are objects given to the Church in gratitude for some favor that was granted. Today, votives can be lit candles, or offered flowers, statues, vestments, or donations such as those deposited into a fountain or altar.
Use of artifacts in archaeological analysis
The 1875-1881 German excavation of Olympia, Greece.
Artifacts are often called finds when handled during archaeological excavation. Artifacts are related to the archaeological record by their position defined by the Archaeological context they are discovered in. This is important for Seriation and relative dating analysis, and is closely related to work post excavation with the use of a Harris matrix that is created during the excavation process. The Harris Matrix is a tool developed by British archaeologist Edward Cecil Harris in 1973 to assist in the examination and interpretation of the stratigraphy of archaeological sites.
Answer:
• Jwelleries
• Potteries
• Porcelain
• Terracotta
• Gems and stones
• Books and documents