What are the various factors which create nationalism among European people?
Answers
Answer:
There are various factors that create nationalism in Europe. The feeling of nationalism comes when people start thinking that they belong to the same nation. This can come partly from the struggle against the rulers under whom they suffered oppression, suppression and discrimination. And this can come partly from cultural process.
The following are the instances of nationalism in Europe for the purpose :
• French Revolution (1789) marked the beginning of many uprisings in different parts of the Europe to become nation states.
• The Liberal Revolution of 1848 , started the efforts of unification in many countries. During this time the ideologies of nationalism were closely allied with the ideas of liberalism such as freedom for all, equality of all before law, restrictions of trade guilds and interference of state in markets, government by the consent of people, etc.
• Culture played a vital role in creating a idea of nation, art and poetry, stories and music helped to express and arouse nationalists feeling. Romantic artists and poets put their efforts to create a sense of shared collective heritage.
• A cultural movement which sought to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiments is called as the Romanticism. Romantic artists created a sense of common culture heritage as the basis of nation building. They along with poets generally criticised the glorification of reason and science and focussed instead on emotion, intuition and mystical feelings. Their effort was to create a sense of a shared collective heritage, a common cultural past, as the basis of nation.
• German Philosopher Johann Gotfried Herder stated that the true spirit of nation (Volkgeist) and true German culture was to be discovered among the common people (Das Volk).
• French painter Delacroix depicted an incident through his painting, in which 2000 Greeks were assumed to have been killed by Turks.
• Karol Kurpinski celebrated national struggle through his operas and music, turning folk dances like Polonaise and Mazurka into nationalist symbols.
• Language played a very important role in developing sentiments. Regional languages brought some difficulties in the unification of the country. Therefore a common national language was adopted in many places.
• In 1831, a armed rebellion against the Russian rule took place but it was considered and crushed. After the failure of this rebellion, members of clergy in Poland began to use language as a weapon of national resistance. Polish became the language of Church gatherings and all the religious instructions. Many priests and bishops who refused to preach in Russian were put behind the bars. Polish language was forced out of the schools and Russian language was made obligatory.
Answer:
1. In 1789 Nationalism came with French Revolution and the political and constitutional changes led to the transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of French citizens. Various measures and practices were introduced such as the ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen ( the citizen). A new French flag, the tricolour was chosen to replace the former one.
2. Democracy destroyed in France by Napoleon and the Civil Code of 1804 known as Napoleonic Code did away with all privileges based on birth, established equality before the law and secured the right to property.
3. Language played a very important role in developing sentiments. Regional languages brought some difficulties in the unification of the country. Therefore a common national language was adopted in many places.
4. In 1831, a armed rebellion against the Russian rule took place but it was considered and crushed. After the failure of this rebellion, members of clergy in Poland began to use language as a weapon of national resistance. Polish became the language of Church gatherings and all the religious instructions. Many priests and bishops who refused to preach in Russian were put behind the bars. Polish language was forced out of the schools and Russian language was made mandatory