What are the various indicators of Human development.
Answers
The 2010 Human Development Report revised the HDI formula using data and methodologies that were not available in most countries when the first HDI was published in the 1990 Human Development Report. The HDI was calculated in 2010 using the following indicators:
Health - Life expectancy at birth
Education - expected years schooling for school-age children and average years of schooling in the adult population
Income - measured by Gross National Income (GNI) per capita (PPP US$)
The disaggregated HDI
One way the use of the human development index has been improved is through disaggregation. A country's overall index can conceal the fact that different groups within the country have very different levels of human development. Disaggregated HDIs are arrived at by using the data for the HDI components pertaining to each of the separate groups; treating each group as if it was a separate country. Such groups may be defined relative to income, geographical or administrative regions, urban/rural residence, gender and ethnicity.
Adjusting the HDI for inequalities
In 2010, the Inequality-adjusted HDI (IHDI) was introduced. The IHDI is the HDI adjusted for inequalities in the distribution of achievements in each of the three dimensions of the HDI (health, education and income). The IHDI will be equal to the HDI value when there is no inequality, but falls below the HDI value as inequality rises. The difference between the HDI and the IHDI represents the ‘loss’ in potential human development due to inequality and can be expressed as a percentage. In 2012 the IHDI was calculated for 132 countries and the results are telling. For example, United States suffers a loss of more than 12% when its HDI value is adjusted for inequalities and moves 13 places down in rank.
The HDI was calculated in 2010 using the following indicators: Health Life expectancy at birth Education expected years schooling for schoolage children and average years of schooling in the adult population Income -measured by Gross National Income per capita
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